Menene kwallon kafa na Amurka kuma yaya ake buga shi? Dokoki, wasan wasa & hukunci

Kwallon kafa na Amurka ya fara ne a matsayin bambancin Rugby da kwallon kafa kuma tare da tafiyar lokaci su ne layuka na wasan ya canza.

Kwallon kafa na Amurka wasa ne na ƙungiyar gasa. Manufar wasan shine a ci maki da yawa gwargwadon yiwuwa. Yawancin maki ana samun su ta daya Kashewa ta hanyar ball a cikin yankin karshen daga sauran tawagar.

A cikin wannan labarin zan bayyana ainihin abin da ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka yake da kuma yadda ake buga wasan, don farawa!

Kwallon kafa na Amurka yana daya daga cikin manyan wasanni na Arewacin Amurka. Kodayake ana yin wasan a duk duniya, ya kasance mafi shahara a Amurka.

Babban koli na wasanni shine Super kwano; karshe tsakanin biyu mafi kyau NFL kungiyoyin da miliyoyin mutane ke kallo a duk shekara (daga filin wasa ko a gida). 

Kwallon na iya ƙarewa a can ta hanyar shigar da shi cikin wannan yankin da ake kira ƙarshen ko ta hanyar kama kwallon a yankin ƙarshe.

Bayan taɓowa, akwai kuma wasu hanyoyin da za a zura kwallaye.

Mai nasara ita ce ƙungiyar da ta fi yawan maki a ƙarshen lokacin hukuma. Koyaya, zane na iya faruwa.

A cikin Amurka da Kanada, ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka ana kiransa 'kwallon ƙafa' kawai. A wajen Amurka da Kanada, ana kiran wasan a matsayin "kwallon kafa na Amurka" (ko wani lokacin "kwallon kafa na gridiron" ko "magance kwallon kafa") don bambanta shi da ƙwallon ƙafa (ƙwallon ƙafa).

A matsayin daya daga cikin wasanni masu rikitarwa a duniya, ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka yana da dokoki da kayan aiki da yawa waɗanda ke sa ta zama na musamman.

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Wasan yana da ban sha'awa don yin wasa amma kuma don kallo yayin da ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar haɗakar wasan motsa jiki da dabaru tsakanin ƙungiyoyi biyu masu fafatawa. 

Menene NFL (National Football League)?

Kwallon kafa na Amurka shine wasan da aka fi kallo a Amurka. A cikin binciken jama'ar Amirka, yawancin masu amsa suna ɗaukar wasan da suka fi so.

Ƙididdiga na ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka ya zarce na sauran wasanni. 

Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa (NFL) ita ce babbar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka a cikin Amurka. NFL tana da ƙungiyoyi 32 zuwa taro guda biyu, da Taron Kwallan Amurka (AFC) da kuma Taron Kwallon Kafa na Kasa (NFC). 

Kowane taro ya kasu kashi hudu, Arewa, Kudu, Gabas da Yamma tare da kungiyoyi hudu a kowace.

Wasan zakara, Super Bowl, kusan rabin gidajen talabijin na Amurka ne ke kallonsa kuma ana nuna shi a talabijin a wasu kasashe fiye da 150.

Ranar wasa, Super Bowl Lahadi, rana ce da yawancin magoya baya ke yin liyafa don kallon wasan kuma su gayyaci abokai da dangi don cin abincin dare da kallon wasan.

Mutane da yawa suna ganin ita ce babbar ranar shekara.

Manufar wasan

Manufar kwallon kafa ta Amurka ita ce samun maki fiye da abokin hamayyar ku a cikin lokacin da aka ware. 

Dole ne ƙungiyar masu kai hare-hare ta motsa ƙwallon a kusa da filin a mataki-mataki don a ƙarshe samun kwallon a cikin 'yankin ƙarshen' don 'tabawa' (bulo). Ana iya samun wannan ta hanyar kama ƙwallon a wannan yanki na ƙarshe, ko kuma kunna ƙwallon zuwa yankin ƙarshen. Amma wucewa guda ɗaya kawai ake ba da izinin shiga kowane wasa.

Kowace ƙungiyar masu kai hari tana samun damar 4 ('ƙasa') don matsar da ƙwallon yadi 10 gaba, zuwa yankin ƙarshen abokin hamayya, watau tsaro.

Idan ƙungiyar masu kai hari da gaske sun motsa yadudduka 10, ta yi nasara a farkon ƙasa, ko wani saiti na ƙasa huɗu don ciyar da yadi 10.

Idan 4 downs sun wuce kuma tawagar ta kasa yin yadi 10, an ba da kwallon zuwa ga kungiyar kare, wanda zai ci gaba da yin laifi.

wasanni na jiki

Kwallon kafa na Amurka wasa ne na tuntuɓar juna, ko wasan motsa jiki. Don hana maharin gudu da ƙwallon, dole ne tsaro ya tunkari mai ɗaukar ƙwallon. 

Don haka, dole ne 'yan wasan tsaro su yi amfani da wani nau'i na tuntuɓar jiki don dakatar da mai ɗaukar ƙwallon, cikin wasu ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi.

Dole ne masu tsaron baya su yi shura, naushi ko tuƙi mai ɗaukar ƙwallon.

Su ma ba za su iya ba abin rufe fuska a kan kwalkwali kama abokin hamayyar ko tare da nasu kwalkwali fara saduwa ta jiki.

Yawancin sauran nau'o'in tinkarar doka ne.

Ana buƙatar 'yan wasa su kayan kariya na musamman sanye, kamar kwalkwali na roba, kafadar kafada, ƙwanƙolin hips da ƙwanƙwasa gwiwa. 

Duk da kayan kariya da ka'idoji don jaddada aminci, Shin raunin da ya faru ya zama ruwan dare a ƙwallon ƙafa?.

Misali, yana zama ƙasa da gama gari don gujewa baya (waɗanda ke ɗaukar mafi yawan busa) a cikin NFL don wucewa gabaɗayan kakar ba tare da samun rauni ba.

Har ila yau, rikice-rikice na kowa: A cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwaƙwalwa ta Arizona, game da daliban makarantar sakandare 41.000 suna fama da rikice-rikice a kowace shekara. 

Ƙwallon ƙafar tuta da ƙwallon ƙafa ba su da ƙarancin tashin hankali bambance-bambancen wasan da ke samun karɓuwa da kuma samun ƙarin kulawa a duniya.

Har ila yau, ƙwallon ƙafa yana da mafi kusantar zama wasan Olympic wata rana

Yaya girman ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka?

A cikin NFL, ana ba da izinin ’yan wasa 46 masu aiki kowace ƙungiya a ranar wasa.

Saboda Shin 'yan wasan suna da ayyuka na musamman, kuma kusan dukkanin 'yan wasa 46 masu aiki a cikin ƙungiyar NFL za su yi wasa a kowane wasa. 

Kowace kungiya tana da kwararru a fagen 'laifi' (kai hari), 'tsarin tsaro' (tsarin tsaro) da kungiyoyi na musamman, amma ba ta taba samun 'yan wasa sama da 11 a filin wasa a lokaci guda ba. 

Laifin gabaɗaya shine ke da alhakin zura kwallaye a raga da burin filin.

Dole ne masu tsaron gida su tabbatar cewa laifin bai ci nasara ba, kuma ana amfani da ƙungiyoyi na musamman don canza matsayi na filin wasa.

Ba kamar yawancin wasannin gama-gari ba, inda wasan yake da kuzari ta yadda kungiyoyin biyu ke kai hari da kuma kare kai a lokaci guda, ba haka lamarin yake ba a fagen kwallon kafar Amurka.

Menene laifin?

Laifin, kamar yadda muka koya, ya ƙunshi ƴan wasa kamar haka:

• Layin Laifi: Masu Gadi Biyu, Takalmi Biyu, da Cibiya
• Fadi/Ramin masu karɓa: biyu zuwa biyar
• Ƙarshen maƙarƙashiya: ɗaya ko biyu
• Gudun baya: daya ko biyu
• Quarterback

Ayyukan layin da ba daidai ba shine mai wucewa (a mafi yawan lokuta, da quarterback) da share hanyar masu gudu (masu gudu) ta hanyar toshe mambobi na tsaro.

Wadannan ‘yan wasan galibi su ne manyan ‘yan wasa a fagen wasa. Ban da tsakiya, gabaɗaya ƴan wasan gaba ba sa ɗaukar ƙwallon.

Faɗin masu karɓa suna kama ƙwallon ko toshe kan wasannin da ke gudana. Masu karɓa masu faɗi dole ne su kasance masu sauri kuma suna da hannaye masu kyau don kama ƙwallon. Faɗin masu karɓa sau da yawa sun fi tsayi, 'yan wasa sauri.

Ƙarshen ƙulle-ƙulle suna kama tarko ko toshewa akan wasu wasannin wucewa da gudu. Ƙarshen ƙaƙƙarfan layi suna layi a ƙarshen layin da ba daidai ba.

Za su iya taka rawa iri ɗaya kamar masu karɓa masu faɗi (kamun ƙwallaye) ko ƙwararrun ƙwararru (kare QB ko yin ɗaki ga masu gudu).

Ƙunƙarar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan haɗe-haɗe ne tsakanin ɗan layi mai muni da a Mai karɓa mai karɓa. Ƙarshen ƙaƙƙarfan yana da girma don yin wasa a kan layi mai banƙyama kuma yana da wasan motsa jiki kamar mai karɓa mai faɗi.

Gudun baya suna gudu ("rush") tare da ƙwallon amma kuma toshe ga kwata-kwata a wasu wasanni.

Gudun baya suna layi a baya ko kusa da QB. Ana magance waɗannan 'yan wasan sau da yawa kuma yana buƙatar ƙarfin jiki da tunani mai yawa don yin wasa a wannan matsayi.

Kwata-kwata gabaɗaya shi ne wanda ke jefa ƙwallon, amma kuma yana iya gudu da ƙwallon da kansa ko kuma ya ba da ƙwallon ga mai gudu.

Kwata-kwata shine mafi mahimmancin dan wasa a filin wasa. Shi ne dan wasan da ke sanya kansa kai tsaye a bayan cibiyar.

Ba duk waɗannan 'yan wasan ba ne za su kasance a cikin fili a kowane wasan kai hari. Ƙungiya za su iya bambanta yawan adadin masu karɓa mai faɗi, matsatsin ƙarewa da gudu da baya a lokaci guda.

Menene tsaro?

Jami'an tsaron ne ke da alhakin dakatar da harin da kuma hana su zura kwallo a raga.

Yana ɗaukar ba kawai 'yan wasa masu tauri ba har ma da horo da aiki tuƙuru don aiwatar da shirin wasan na tsaro.

Tsaron ya ƙunshi nau'ikan 'yan wasa daban-daban, wato:

• Layin tsaro: 'yan wasa uku zuwa shida (masu tsaron gida da na tsaro)
• Masu tsaron baya: Aƙalla ƴan wasa uku, kuma waɗannan ana kiran su da safeties ko lungu-lungu
• Linebackers: uku ko hudu
• Kicker
• punter

An sanya layin tsaro kai tsaye a gaban layin da ba daidai ba. Layin tsaro yana ƙoƙari ya dakatar da kwata-kwata da kuma gudu daga cikin tawagar da ba ta dace ba.

Kamar layin kai hari, ’yan wasan da ke kan tsaron gida su ne manyan ‘yan wasan da ke tsaron gida. Dole ne su iya mayar da martani da sauri kuma su yi wasa a jiki.

Kusurwoyi da aminci galibi suna ƙoƙarin hana masu karɓa daga kama ƙwallon. Lokaci-lokaci kuma suna matsa lamba akan kwata-kwata.

Masu tsaron baya sau da yawa su ne 'yan wasa mafi sauri a filin wasa saboda suna buƙatar samun damar kare masu karɓa mai sauri.

Har ila yau, su ne mafi yawan masu wasan motsa jiki, saboda dole ne su yi aiki a baya, gaba da gefe zuwa gefe.

Masu layi sukan yi ƙoƙari su dakatar da gudu da masu karɓa da kuma magance kwata-kwata (masu fama da kwata-kwata kuma ana kiransa "buhu").

Suna tsayawa a tsakanin layin tsaro da masu tsaron baya. Masu layi-layi sau da yawa su ne mafi ƙarfin ’yan wasa a filin wasa.

Su ne kyaftin na tsaro kuma suna da alhakin kiran wasan na tsaro.

Dan wasan ya zura kwallo a raga da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida.

Mai bugawa yana harba kwallon a 'punts'. Ƙwaƙwalwa ita ce bugun da ɗan wasa ya jefa ƙwallon kuma ya harba ƙwallon zuwa ga ƙungiyar da ke karewa kafin ta taɓa ƙasa. 

Menene Ƙungiyoyi Na Musamman?

Sashe na uku da na ƙarshe na kowace ƙungiya sune ƙungiyoyi na musamman.

Ƙungiyoyi na musamman suna duba matsayin filin kuma su shiga filin a yanayi daban-daban, wato:

1. Komawa (dawo)
2. Nuna (dawo)
3. Manufar filin

Kowane wasa yana farawa da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Kicker ya sanya kwallon a kan dandamali kuma ya yi nisa kamar yadda zai yiwu zuwa ga ƙungiyar masu kai hari.

Kungiyar da ta karbi bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida (kickoff return team) za ta yi kokarin kama kwallon da gudu da baya kamar yadda zai yiwu da ita.

Bayan an tunkari mai daukar kwallo, an kammala wasa kuma kungiyoyi na musamman sun bar filin.

Kungiyar da ke rike da kwallo a yanzu za ta buga wasan ne a kai hari, inda aka yi wa mai daukar kwallo, kuma kungiyar da ke gaba za ta buga wasan na tsaron gida.

The 'punter' shi ne dan wasan da ya 'buga' ko harbi kwallon (amma wannan lokacin daga hannu).

Alal misali, idan harin ya zo a cikin 4th down, maimakon ƙoƙarin samun wani na farko, za su iya nuna kwallon - don aika shi har zuwa gefen kotu don kada su rasa kwallon kuma. kusa da gefen su.

Hakanan suna iya yin la'akari da ƙoƙarin zura kwallo a raga.

Burin filin: Akwai manyan ginshiƙan raga na rawaya waɗanda ke haɗe da sandar giciye a kowane ƙarshen kowane filin ƙwallon ƙafa.

Ƙungiya za ta iya zaɓar ƙoƙarin zira ƙwallon filin da ya kai maki 3.

Tsarin ya haɗa da ɗan wasa yana riƙe ƙwallon a tsaye a ƙasa da kuma wani ɗan wasan yana harbin ƙwallon.

Ko kuma a maimakon haka, wani lokacin ƙwallon yana kan haɓaka an sanya shi kuma an harba kwallon daga can.

Dole ne a harba kwallon a kan giciye da kuma tsakanin masifun. Don haka, ana yawan cin burin filin a saura na 4 ko a ƙarshen wasa.

Yaya wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka ke tafiya?

Wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka ya ƙunshi sassa huɗu ('quarters'), kuma ana dakatar da agogo bayan kowane aiki.

A ƙasa zaku iya karanta yadda wasan ƙwallon ƙafa gabaɗaya ke tafiya:

1. Kowane wasa yana farawa da tsabar tsabar kudi
2. Sai kuma bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida
3. Tare da farawa, an ƙayyade matsayi na ƙwallon kuma wasan zai iya farawa
4. Kowace ƙungiya tana da ƙoƙari 4 don ciyar da ƙwallon yadi 10

A farkon kowane wasa akwai tsabar kuɗi don tantance ƙungiyar da za ta fara samun ƙwallon da kuma ɓangaren filin da suke son farawa. 

Daga nan sai a fara wasan da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, wanda na yi magana a kai a cikin kungiyoyi na musamman.

Dan wasan mai tsaron gida ya zura kwallo a ragar kungiyar.

An harba kwallon daga wani tsayi, kuma an ɗauke shi daga layin gida na 30-yard (a cikin NFL) ko layin 35-yard a kwallon kafa na kwaleji.

Mai bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida ya yi kokarin kama kwallon da gudu kamar yadda zai yiwu da kwallon.

Inda aka tunkarar shi shine inda harin zai fara kai hari - ko jerin wasannin kai hari.

Idan mai bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida ya kama kwallon a yankin nasa na karshen, ko dai zai iya zabar gudu da kwallon ko kuma ya zabi koma baya ta hanyar durkusa a yankin karshen.

A cikin akwati na ƙarshe, ƙungiyar masu karɓa ta fara tayar da hankali daga layinta na yadi 20.

Har ila yau, taɓawa yana faruwa lokacin da ƙwallon ya fita daga yankin ƙarshen. Juyawa da juye-juye a yankin ƙarshen kuma na iya ƙarewa a cikin taɓawa.

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, kowace ƙungiya tana da saukowa 4 (ƙoƙari) don ciyar da yadi 10 ko fiye. Ƙungiyoyi za su iya jefa ko gudu da ƙwallon don yin waɗannan yadudduka.

Da zarar ƙungiyar ta ci gaba aƙalla yadi 10, suna samun ƙarin gwaji 4.

Rashin yin yadudduka 10 bayan saukowa 4 zai haifar da juyawa (tare da mallakar kwallon zuwa ƙungiyar adawa).

Yaushe rashin wasa zai ƙare?

Ƙarshen ƙasa, kuma ƙwallon ta 'mutu', bayan ɗayan waɗannan masu zuwa:

• Ana kawo dan wasan da kwallon a kasa (tackle) ko kuma 'yan kungiyar da ke adawa da shi sun dakatar da motsinsa na gaba.
• Fassara ta gaba tana tashi daga kan iyaka ko ta buga ƙasa kafin a kama ta. Ana kiran wannan a matsayin izinin da bai cika ba. Ana mayar da ƙwallon zuwa matsayinta na asali akan kotu don ƙasa ta gaba.
• Kwallon ko mai kunnawa yana fita daga kan iyaka.
• Ƙungiya ta ci.
• A sake dawowa: lokacin da ƙwallon ya 'mutu' a cikin yankin ƙarshen ƙungiyar kuma abokin hamayyar ne ya ba da ƙarfin motsa jiki don matsar da ita a kan layin burin zuwa ƙarshen yankin.

Alkalan wasa suna busawa don sanar da duk 'yan wasan cewa kasawar ta kare. Downs kuma ana san su da 'wasanni'.

Yaya kuke samun maki a kwallon kafa na Amurka?

Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don samun maki a ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka. Mafi shahara shine ba shakka taɓawa, wanda ke haifar da mafi yawan maki. 

Amma akwai wasu hanyoyi:

1. Kuskuren
2. PAT (burin filin) ​​ko jujjuya maki biyu
3. Burin filin (a kowane lokaci)
4. karba shida
5. Safety

Kuna zura kwallaye - wanda ke ba da ƙasa da maki 6 - ta hanyar gudu tare da ƙwallon a yankin ƙarshen, ko kama ƙwallon a yankin ƙarshen. 

Bayan zura kwallo a raga, kungiyar da ta zura kwallo tana da zabi biyu.

Ko dai ya zaɓi ƙarin ma'ana ('canza maki ɗaya', 'karin ma'ana' ko'PAT'= aya bayan taɓawa') ta hanyar burin filin.

Wannan zabin shi ne ya fi yawa domin a yanzu yana da sauki a zura kwallo a raga saboda kungiyar masu kai hari ba ta da nisa da ragar raga.

Hakanan ƙungiyar za ta iya zaɓar yin juzu'i mai maki biyu.

Wannan shine ainihin ƙoƙarin yin wani taɓawa, daga alamar yadi 2, kuma wannan taɓawar yana da darajar maki 2.

Hakanan ƙungiyar na iya ƙoƙarin harba ƙwallon ta cikin ragar raga a kowane lokaci (burin filin), amma ƙungiyoyi yawanci suna yin hakan ne kawai idan sun fi ko ƙasa da yadi 20 zuwa 40 daga raga.

Kada kungiya ta yi kasada da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida idan ta yi nisa da muradun raga, saboda nisa, da wahala wajen samun kwallon ta cikin raga.

Lokacin da filin wasa ya gaza, abokin hamayya ya karbi kwallon inda aka buga kwallon.

Yawancin burin filin ana la'akari da shi a ƙarshen ƙarshe, kuma bugun nasara yana da daraja maki uku.

A kan makasudin filin, ɗan wasa ɗaya yana riƙe ƙwallon a kwance zuwa ƙasa, wani kuma yana harbi ƙwallon ta cikin maƙallan raga da kan mashin giciye a bayan yankin ƙarshen.

Duk da yake yawanci laifi ne ke zura kwallaye, tsaro kuma na iya cin maki.

Idan mai tsaron gida ya katse hanyar wucewa ('zabi') ko kuma tilasta dan wasa mai adawa da su jefa kwallon, za su iya gudu kwallon zuwa yankin karshen abokin hamayyar na maki shida, wanda aka fi sani da 'zabi da ake kira shida'.

Amintaccen tsaro yana faruwa lokacin da ƙungiyar kare ta sami nasarar tunkarar abokin hamayyar da ke kai hari a yankin ƙarshen su; don wannan, ƙungiyar masu kare suna samun maki 2.

Wasu kura-kurai (musamman toshe laifuka) ta hanyar kai hari ga 'yan wasa a yankin ƙarshe kuma suna haifar da tsaro.

An bayyana kungiyar da ta fi yawan maki a karshen wasan a matsayin wadda ta yi nasara.

Idan maki sun yi kunnen doki, karin lokacin yana zuwa wasa tare da ƙungiyoyin suna buga ƙarin kwata har sai an sami nasara.

Yaya tsawon lokacin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka ya ƙare?

Wasan yana ɗaukar 'kwata huɗu' na mintuna 15 (ko wani lokacin mintuna 12, misali a manyan makarantu).

Wannan yana nufin jimlar mintuna 60 na lokacin wasa, zaku yi tunani.

Koyaya, ana dakatar da agogon gudu a yanayi da yawa; kamar batsa, lokacin da kungiya ta zura kwallo ko a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida babu wanda ya kama kwallon kafin ta taba kasa (“incomplete pass”).

Agogon yana sake gudu lokacin da umpire ya sake sanya ƙwallon a filin.

Don haka ana raba wasa kashi huɗu cikin kwata na mintuna 12 ko 15.

Tsakanin zango na 1 da na 2 da na 3 da na 4 ana hutun mintuna 2 sannan a tsakanin kashi na biyu da na uku ana sha sauran mintuna 2 ko 3 (lokacin hutawa).

Domin ana yawan tsayawa agogon gudu, wasa wani lokaci yana iya wuce awa uku.

Bayan kowane kwata, ƙungiyoyin suna canzawa gefe. Ƙungiyar da ke da ƙwallon tana riƙe da mallaka har zuwa kwata na gaba.

Ƙungiyar masu kai hari tana da daƙiƙa 40 daga ƙarshen wasan da aka bayar don fara sabon wasa.

Idan ƙungiyar ba ta kan lokaci, za a hukunta ta tare da raguwar yadi 5.

Idan an daure bayan mintuna 60, za a buga karin lokaci na mintuna 15. A cikin NFL, ƙungiyar da ta fara cin nasara (mutuwar kwatsam) ta yi nasara.

Har ila yau ƙwallo a filin wasa na iya sa ƙungiyar ta yi nasara a cikin ƙarin lokaci, amma idan ƙungiyoyin biyu sun mallaki ƙwallon ƙafa.

A wasan NFL na yau da kullun, inda babu wata kungiya da ta samu maki a cikin kari, karawar ta kasance. A cikin wasan neman nasara na NFL, ana buga karin lokaci, idan ya cancanta, don tantance mai nasara.

Dokokin karin lokaci na kwaleji sun fi rikitarwa.

Menene ƙarewar lokaci?

Ana ba wa ma’aikatan kocin kowace ƙungiya damar neman hutu, kamar yadda ake yi a sauran wasanni.

Koci na iya neman lokacin hutu ta hanyar kafa hannayensa a sifar 'T' sannan ya sanar da alkalin wasan.

Lokacin hutu shine ɗan gajeren hutu don kociyan don tattaunawa da ƙungiyarsa, karya taki abokan hamayya, hutawa ’yan wasa, ko guje wa jinkiri ko bugun fanaretin wasa.

Kowace ƙungiya tana da haƙƙin ɓata lokaci 3 a kowane rabi. Lokacin da koci yana son kiran lokacin hutu, dole ne shi/ta ya sadar da wannan ga alkalin wasa.

Ana tsayar da agogon yayin lokacin ƙarewa. 'Yan wasa suna da lokaci don ɗaukar numfashi, abin sha, kuma ana iya musanya ƴan wasa.

A cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji, kowace ƙungiya tana samun lokuta 3 a kowane rabi. Kowane lokacin fita na iya wucewa har zuwa 90 seconds.

Idan ba a yi amfani da fitattun lokaci ba a farkon rabin, ba za a iya wuce su zuwa rabi na biyu ba.

A cikin karin lokaci, kowace kungiya tana samun hutu a kowace kwata, ba tare da la’akari da yawan lokutan da suka gama wasan da su ba.

Ƙayyadaddun lokaci na zaɓi ne kuma ba lallai ne a yi amfani da su ba.

Har ila yau, a cikin NFL, kowace ƙungiya tana samun lokaci-lokaci 3 a kowace rabi, amma lokaci-lokaci na iya wucewa har zuwa minti 2. A cikin karin lokaci, kowace ƙungiya tana samun hutu sau biyu.

Yaya ake saka kwallon a wasa?

Kowane rabin yana farawa da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Amma kuma kungiyoyin sun fara tashi ne bayan sun zura kwallo a raga da kuma zura kwallo a raga. 

Sai dai a farkon rabin da kuma bayan ci, kwallon. kuma ana kiransa alade, ko da yaushe ana shigo da su cikin wasa ta hanyar 'snap'. 

A cikin hanzari, 'yan wasan da ke kai hari suna yin layi don kare 'yan wasan a kan layi (layi na tunanin a filin da aka fara wasa).

Ɗaya daga cikin ɗan wasa mai ban tsoro, tsakiya, sannan ya wuce (ko "snaps") kwallon tsakanin kafafunsa zuwa abokin wasansa, yawanci kwata-kwata.

Kwata-kwata sai ya kawo kwallon cikin wasa.

Bayan tsaro - lokacin da ƙungiyar kare ta sami nasarar tunkarar abokin hamayyar da ke kai hari a yankinta na ƙarshe - (kada ku dame wannan tare da matsayin aminci!) - ƙungiyar masu kai hari ta dawo da ƙwallon cikin wasa tare da maki ko bugun daga nata 20 layin yadi.

Dole ne qungiyoyin da ke hamayya da juna su kamo kwallon su kawo ta gaba gwargwadon iko (damawa) ta yadda harin nasu zai iya sake farawa a wuri mafi dacewa.

Ta yaya 'yan wasa za su motsa kwallon?

'Yan wasa za su iya motsa kwallon ta hanyoyi biyu:

1. Ta hanyar gudu da ƙwallon ƙafa
2. Ta hanyar jefa kwallon

Gudu da ƙwallon kuma ana kiranta da 'gudu'. Galibi dan wasan kwata-kwata yana mika kwallo ga abokin wasansa.

Bugu da ƙari, ana iya jefa ƙwallon ƙwallon, wanda aka sani da 'fasaha na gaba'. Canjin gaba shine muhimmin al'amari wanda ya bambanta wasan kwallon kafa na Amurka daga, da dai sauransu, rugby.

Maharin zai iya jefa kwallon gaba sau ɗaya kawai a kowane wasa kuma kawai daga bayan layin da aka yi. Ana iya jefa ƙwallon a gefe ko baya a kowane lokaci.

An san irin wannan nau'in izinin wucewa ta gefe kuma ba shi da yawa a ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka fiye da na rugby.

Ta yaya kuke canza mallakan kwallon?

Lokacin da ƙungiyoyi suka canza wasan, ƙungiyar da ta yi wasa da laifi yanzu za ta buga wasan tsaro, kuma akasin haka.

Canjin mallaka yana faruwa a cikin yanayi masu zuwa:

• Idan harin bai ci gaba da yadi 10 ba bayan saukowa hudu 
• Bayan zura kwallo a raga ko bugun filin
• Burin filin da bai yi nasara ba
• Faduwa
• Bugawa
• Sakin baki
• Safety

Idan bayan saukowa 4 kungiyar masu kai hari ta kasa motsa kwallon gaba a kalla yadi 10, kungiyar da ke hamayya za ta sami ikon sarrafa kwallon inda wasa ya kare.

Ana kiran wannan canjin mallaka a matsayin "juyawa akan ƙasa."

Idan laifin ya zura kwallo a raga ko filin wasa, sai wannan kungiyar ta harba kwallo a hannun abokan hamayya, sannan ta samu damar mallakar kwallon.

Idan kungiyar da ke kai hari ta kasa zura kwallo a raga, kungiyar da ke hamayya za ta sami ikon sarrafa kwallon kuma za a fara sabon wasa inda aka fara wasan da ya gabata (ko kuma a cikin NFL inda aka yi bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida).

Idan an dauki bugun (ba a kasa) ba a cikin yadi 20 na yankin karshen, kungiyar da ke hamayya za ta sami kwallon a kan layinta na yadi 20 (wato, yadi 20 daga yankin karshen).

Fumble yana faruwa ne lokacin da ɗan wasa ya jefa ƙwallon bayan ya kama ta, ko kuma fiye da haka, bayan bugun da ya tilasta masa jefa ƙwallon.

Za a iya dawo da kwallon ta abokin hamayya (kariya).

Kamar yadda yake tare da tsaka-tsaki (duba ƙasa), ɗan wasan da ya ɗauki ƙwallon zai iya yin gudu da ƙwallon har sai an magance shi ko kuma an tilasta shi daga kan iyaka.

Fumbles da interceptions ana kiran su tare da "juyawa."

A wani batu, ƙungiyar masu kai hare-hare suna harbi kwallon (imar yadda zai yiwu) zuwa ga ƙungiyar masu kare, kamar dai a cikin kickoff.

Punts - kamar yadda aka ambata a baya - kusan koyaushe ana yin su ne a ƙasa ta huɗu, lokacin da ƙungiyar masu kai hari ba ta son haɗarin ba da ƙwallon ga ƙungiyar abokan gaba a matsayinta na yanzu a filin (saboda gazawar ƙoƙarin yin ƙasa ta farko) yana tunanin kwallon ta yi nisa da ginshiƙan raga don gwada burin filin.

Lokacin da dan wasan da ke karewa ya katse hanyar wucewa daga ƙungiyar masu kai hare-hare ta sama ('interception'), ƙungiyar masu karewa tana riƙe da ƙwallon kai tsaye.

Mai kunnawa da ke yin tsaka-tsakin zai iya gudu da ƙwallon har sai an tuntube shi ko ya fita waje da layin filin.

Bayan an yi wa dan wasan da aka yi wa katsalandan baya ko kuma a yi waje da shi, rukunin kungiyarsa na kai farmaki ya koma filin wasa kuma ya karbi ragamar matsayin da yake a yanzu.

Kamar yadda aka tattauna a baya, tsaro yana faruwa lokacin da ƙungiyar kare ta yi nasara wajen tunkarar abokin hamayyar da ke kai hari a yankin ƙarshen su.

Don wannan, ƙungiyar kare tana samun maki 2 kuma ta sami damar mallakar ƙwallon kai tsaye. 

Asalin Dabarun Kwallon Kafa na Amurka

Ga wasu masu sha'awar kwallon kafa, babban abin da ya fi daukar hankali a wasan kwallon kafa shi ne dabarun da jami'an horar da 'yan wasa biyu suka tsara don kara samun damar cin nasara a wasan. 

Kowace ƙungiya tana da abin da ake kira 'bookbook' tare da goma zuwa wani lokaci ɗaruruwan yanayin wasa (wanda ake kira 'plays').

Mahimmanci, kowane wasa sautin dabara ne, bin tsarin haɗin gwiwa. 

Wasu wasan kwaikwayo suna da aminci sosai; tabbas za su sami 'yan yadi kaɗan kawai.

Sauran wasan kwaikwayo suna da yuwuwar samun yadudduka da yawa, amma tare da haɗarin asarar yadudduka (asarar yardage) ko juyawa (lokacin da abokin gaba ya sami mallaka).

Gabaɗaya, wasan gaggawa (inda ake gudu da ƙwallon nan da nan maimakon jefa wa ɗan wasa da farko) ba su da haɗari fiye da wasan wucewa (inda aka jefa ƙwallon kai tsaye ga ɗan wasa).

Amma kuma akwai ingantattun wasannin motsa jiki na wucewa da wasannin motsa jiki masu haɗari.

Domin a yaudari kungiyar da ke hamayya, an tsara wasu wasannin tsallake-tsallake don kama da wasannin guje-guje da kuma akasin haka.

Akwai wasan dabara da yawa, misali idan ƙungiya ta yi kamar tana da niyya ta “nuna” sannan ta yi ƙoƙarin gudu da ƙwallon ƙafa ko jefa kwallon na farko saukar.

Irin wannan wasan kwaikwayo mai haɗari babban abin burgewa ne ga magoya baya - idan suna aiki. A wani ɓangare kuma, za su iya yin bala'i idan maƙiyan ya gane yaudarar kuma ya yi aiki da shi.

A cikin kwanaki tsakanin wasanni, akwai sa'o'i masu yawa na shirye-shirye da dabaru, gami da kallon bidiyon wasan abokan hamayya na 'yan wasa da masu horarwa.

Wannan, tare da yanayin motsa jiki na motsa jiki, shine dalilin da ya sa ƙungiyoyi ke buga mafi yawan wasa daya a mako.

Karanta kuma Bayani na game da kwallon kafa mai ban sha'awa inda kyakkyawan dabara kuma yana da mahimmanci

Menene littafin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka?

Akwai ɗaruruwan wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban waɗanda 'yan wasa za su iya yi akan kowane ƙasa. Waɗannan duka suna cikin abin da ake kira littafin wasan kwaikwayo na kowace ƙungiya. 

Littafin wasan ya ƙunshi duk dabarun ƙungiyar don samun maki da yawa gwargwadon yiwuwa. Akwai littafin wasa ɗaya don laifi ɗaya kuma na tsaro.

Ma'aikatan horarwa ne suka tsara wasannin, inda 'yan wasan da ke kai hari sukan gudu ta hanyoyi daban-daban ('hanya gudu') kuma ana gudanar da motsi da ayyuka masu daidaitawa.

Har ila yau, akwai littafin wasa na tsaro, inda ake amfani da dabarun kare harin yadda ya kamata.

Babban koci ko kwata-kwata ne ke ƙayyade wasan da ƙungiyar za ta buga yayin da kyaftin na tsaro ko mai gudanarwa ke ƙayyade wasan da ƙungiyar ta ke yi.

Yaya girman filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka?

Mafi mahimmancin sassan filin wasan kwallon kafa na Amurka su ne yankunan karshen biyu, daya daga cikinsu yana a kowane karshen filin.

Kowane yanki na ƙarshen yana da yadi 10 tsayi kuma shine yankin da aka zira kwallaye. Nisa daga endzone zuwa endzone yana da tsayin yadi 100.

Don haka filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka jimillar yadi 120 (kimanin mita 109) tsayi da faɗin yadi 53,3 (kusan mita 49).

Yankin ƙarshen sau da yawa yana canza launi daban-daban don samun sauƙin ganewa ta ƴan wasa.

Akwai kuma ginshiƙan raga (wanda kuma ake kira 'madaidaita') a kowane ƙarshen filin da mai harbi zai iya harba ƙwallon. Wuraren maƙasudin suna 18.5 ƙafa (5,6 m) baya (ƙafa 24 ko 7,3 m a makarantar sakandare).

An haɗa ma'ajin ta hanyar batten 3 mita daga ƙasa. An raba filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka zuwa layin yadi kowane yadi 5 a fadin faɗin filin.

Tsakanin waɗancan layukan za ku sami ɗan gajeren layi akan kowane yadi. Kowane yadi 10 ana ƙidaya: 10 - 20 - 30 - 40 - 50 (tsakiyar tsakiya) - 40 - 30 - 20 - 10.

Layukan layi biyu, waɗanda aka fi sani da "layin inbounds" ko "alamomin zanta," suna layi ɗaya da gefen tsakiyar filin.

Duk wasannin suna farawa da ƙwallon a kunne ko tsakanin alamun zanta.

Don yin wannan duka ɗan ƙara gani, zaku iya duba wannan hoton daga Sportsfy.

Kayan aiki (gear) don ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka

Ana amfani da cikakken kayan kariya a ƙwallon ƙafa; fiye da yadda lamarin yake a sauran wasanni.

Bisa ka'ida, dole ne kowane dan wasa ya sanya kayan aiki masu dacewa don yin wasa.

alkalan wasa suna duba kayan aiki kafin wasan don tabbatar da cewa 'yan wasan suna sanye da kariyar da ta dace don bin ka'idojin.

Kuna iya karanta a ƙasa abin da kayan aikin da 'yan wasan ke amfani da su:

• Hanya
• mai tsaron bakin
• Gilashin kafada tare da rigar ƙungiyar
• Gindi da wando na ƙwallon ƙafa
• Cleats
• Yiwuwar safar hannu

Na farko kuma mafi shaharar kayan haɗi shine kwalkwali† Kwalkwali an yi shi ne da robobi mai kauri wanda ke kare fuska da kwanyar daga duka.

Kwalkwali ya zo da abin rufe fuska (face mask), kuma ƙirar sa ya dogara da matsayin ɗan wasan.

Misali, faffadan masu karɓa suna buƙatar ƙarin buɗe abin rufe fuska don kiyaye kallon ƙwallon don kama ta.

A gefe guda kuma, ɗan wasan layin da ke cin zarafi sau da yawa yana da ƙarin rufe fuska don kare fuskarsa daga hannayen abokin gaba da yatsunsu.

An gudanar da kwalkwali a wurin tare da a chinstrap.

Har ila yau, mai tsaron bakin ya zama wajibi, kuma don bayyani na mafi kyawun samfura, kara karanta anan.

kafada wani kayan aiki ne mai daukar hankali na dan wasan kwallon kafa. Ana yin ƙullun kafaɗa daga wani ɗan roba mai wuya wanda aka ɗaure da ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin ƙwanƙwasa.

Gilashin kafada suna taimakawa kare kafadu, da kuma farantin nono.

An sa rigar a kan mashin kafaɗa. Jerseys wani yanki ne na kit, wanda ke nuna launuka da alamar ƙungiyar.

Dole ne kuma a haɗa lambar da sunan ɗan wasan. Lambobi suna da mahimmanci, saboda dole ne 'yan wasa su faɗi cikin wani kewayon dangane da matsayinsu.

Wannan yana taimakawa alkalan wasa tantance wanda zai iya kama kwallon kafa da wanda ba zai iya ba (saboda ba kowane dan wasa ne kawai zai iya kama kwallon kafa ya gudu da ita ba!).

A cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, sau da yawa ana barin ’yan wasa su zaɓi lambar su, waɗanda ba su da wata alaƙa da matsayinsu a filin wasa.

An yi Jerseys daga kayan nailan mai laushi tare da lambobi a gaba da baya.

Ginshikin wando ne mai matsewa tare da kariyar da kuke sawa a ƙarƙashin gasar ku ko wando na horo.

Gindin yana ba da kariya ga kwatangwalo, cinya da kashin wutsiya. Wasu sanduna kuma suna da ginanniyar kariyar gwiwa. Don mafi kyawun ƙuƙumma danna nan.

Amfani da 'yan wasa takalma da cleats, wanda yayi kama da takalman ƙwallon ƙafa.

Dangane da matsayin ku akan filin wasa (da kuma saman da kuke wasa akan), wasu samfuran sun fi wasu kyau. Suna ba da isasshiyar kamawa da ta'aziyya.

safar hannu ba dole ba ne, amma ana ba da shawarar gabaɗaya.

Zai iya taimaka wa 'yan wasa su sami mafi kyawun riko akan ƙwallon ko kare hannayensu.

Ana neman sabbin safar hannu na ƙwallon ƙafa? Karanta nan wanne ne mafi kyau.

Lambar rigar NFL

Tsarin lambar rigar NFL ya dogara ne akan matsayin farko na ɗan wasa. Amma kowane dan wasa - ba tare da la'akari da lambarsa ba - na iya yin wasa a kowane matsayi.

Ba sabon abu ba ne don gudu da baya don yin wasa azaman mai karɓa mai faɗi a wasu yanayi, ko kuma ɗan wasan layi ko mai layi ya yi wasa azaman cikakken baya ko ƙarami a cikin ɗan gajeren yanayi.

Duk da haka, 'yan wasan da ke sanye da lambobi 50-79 dole ne su sanar da umpire a gaba idan suna wasa ba tare da matsayi ba ta hanyar ba da rahoton lambar da ba ta cancanta ba a matsayin da ya cancanta.

’Yan wasan da ke sanye da wannan lambar ba a ba su damar daukar kwallo kamar haka.

Anan ga janar ement-b20b5b37-e428-487d-a6e1-733e166faebd” class=”textannotation disambiguated wl-thing” itemid=”https://data.wordlift.io/wl146820/entity/rules”>dokokin lambar rigar :

• 1-19: Quarterback, Kicker, Punter, Faɗin Mai karɓa, Gudun Baya
• 20-29: Gudu Baya, Kusurwoyi Baya, Tsaro
• 30-39: Gudu Baya, Kusurwoyi Baya, Tsaro
• 40-49: Gudu Baya, Ƙarshen Ƙarshe, Ƙarshen Kusurwa, Tsaro
• 50-59: Layin Laifi, Layin Kariya, Mai layi
• 60-69: Layin Laifi, Layin Tsaro
• 70-79: Layin Laifi, Layin Tsaro
• 80-89: Faɗin Mai karɓa, Ƙarshen Ƙarshe
• 90-99: Layin Tsaro, Linebacker

A wasannin share fage na kakar wasa, lokacin da qungiyoyin ke yawan barin ‘yan wasa da yawa, ana barin ’yan wasa su sanya lambobi a waje da dokokin da ke sama.

Lokacin da aka kafa ƙungiyar ƙarshe, za a ƙara yawan 'yan wasa cikin ƙa'idodin da ke sama.

Hukunce-hukunce a Kwallon kafa na Amurka

Domin tabbatar da wasan, alkalan wasa suna kallon agogo, su yi busa lokacin da aka yi wa dan wasa wasa (saboda a lokacin ne wasan ya kare), sannan su jefa tuta ta fanariti a iska idan aka yi kuskure.

Duk wani umpire na iya ɗaga tutar hukunci mai launin rawaya kusa da wurin da aka keta.

Tutar bugun fanaretin ta nuna cewa alkalin wasa ya gano bugun fanareti kuma yana son ya gargadi 'yan wasa da masu horar da 'yan wasa da sauran alkalan wasa. 

Hukunce-hukuncen sau da yawa suna haifar da mummunan yadudduka ga ƙungiyar masu laifi (inda umpire ya sanya kwallon a baya kuma kungiyar za ta rasa yadi).

Wasu hukunce-hukuncen tsaro suna ba wa masu harin hari ta farko ta atomatik. 

Alkalin wasa daya ne ke nuna karin hukuncin ta hanyar jefa jakar wake ko hularsa.

Lokacin da wasan ya kare, kungiyar da ta ji rauni tana da zabi ko dai ta dauki fanareti ta sake buga wasan kasa ko kuma ta ci gaba da rike sakamakon wasan da ta gabata sannan ta wuce ta gaba.

A cikin sashin da ke ƙasa zan tattauna wasu shahararrun hukunci.

Fara ƙarya

Don fara ingantaccen wasa, dole ne 'yan wasan da ke hannun (laifi) su tsaya cik.

Dan wasa daya ne kawai (amma ba dan wasa a kan layi mai ban tsoro ba) zai iya kasancewa cikin motsi, amma koyaushe yana daidai da layin scrimmage. 

Farawar ƙarya yana faruwa lokacin da ɗan wasa mai kai hari ya motsa kafin ƙwallon ya zo cikin wasa. 

Wannan dai yayi kama da ficewa daga matsayi da fara tsere kafin alkalin wasa ya harba bindigarsa.

Duk wani motsi da ɗan wasa mai kai hari da ke kwaikwayon farkon sabon wasa za a hukunta shi tare da koma baya na yadi 5 (tare da mayar da ƙwallon yadi 5).

A gefe

Offside yana nufin offside. Offside laifi ne inda dan wasa ke kan hanyar da ba ta dace ba lokacin da aka kama kwallon kuma ta shiga wasa.

Lokacin da dan wasa daga kungiyar kare ya ketare layin wasan kafin a fara wasa, ana daukar shi a waje.

A matsayin hukunci, tsaro yana janye yadi 5.

'Yan wasan da ke karewa, ba kamar laifin ba, na iya yin motsi kafin a sanya kwallon a wasa, amma ba za su ketare layin ba.

Offside laifi ne wanda akasari tsaro ke aikatawa, amma kuma yana iya faruwa da harin.

Holding

Yayin wasa, dan wasan da ke da kwallon ne kawai za a iya kama shi. 

Rike dan wasan da ba shi da kwallo an ce yana rike da shi. Akwai bambanci tsakanin riko na cin zarafi da riƙewar tsaro.

Idan maharin yana riƙe da mai tsaron gida (riƙe na cin zarafi) kuma ɗan wasan yana amfani da hannaye, hannaye, ko wasu sassan jikinsa don hana ɗan wasan da ke karewa tunkarar mai ɗaukar ƙwallon, ƙungiyarsa za ta sami ladabtarwa da digo 10-yadi.

Idan mai tsaron gida yana riƙe da maharin (tsarin tsaro), kuma wannan ɗan wasan yana tuntuɓar ko kuma ya riƙe ɗan wasan da ba shi da ƙwallon, ƙungiyarsa ta yi asarar yadi 5 kuma harin ya ci nasara ta atomatik.

Wuce tsangwama

Dole ne mai tsaron baya ya tura ko kuma ya taba maharin don hana shi daukar kwallon. Dole ne a sami lamba kawai lokacin da yake ƙoƙarin kama ƙwallon.

Tsangwama na wucewa yana faruwa lokacin da mai kunnawa yayi tuntuɓar doka ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da wani ɗan wasa yana ƙoƙarin yin kama. 

Bisa ga littafin ka'idojin NFL, tsangwama ya haɗa da riƙewa, ja, da kuma tuntuɓar ɗan wasa, da kawo hannu a fuskar ɗan wasa, ko yin motsi a gaban mai karɓa.

A matsayin hukunci, ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da kai hari daga wurin cin zarafi, ƙidaya a matsayin atomatik 1st saukar.

Laifin sirri (lalacewar sirri)

Laifukan sirri ana daukarsu a matsayin laifi mafi muni a kwallon kafa saboda sun saba wa ka'idojin mutuntawa da wasan motsa jiki.

Laifi na sirri a ƙwallon ƙafa laifi ne da ke samuwa daga wasa marar kyau ko ƙazanta wanda ke jefa wani ɗan wasa cikin haɗarin cutar da wani ɗan wasa. 

Misalan laifuffuka na sirri sun haɗa da:

• kwalkwali zuwa hulɗar kwalkwali
• kwalkwali a kan gwiwoyin abokin hamayya
• yi tinkarar filin
• ko kuma wani abu da alkalin wasa ya dauka yana adawa da wasanni

An ba da hukunci na yadi 15 kuma ƙungiyar da suka ji rauni za a ba su ta 1st ta atomatik.

Jinkirta wasa

Idan wasa daya ya kare, wasan na gaba zai fara. Dole ne maharan su mayar da kwallon cikin wasa kafin agogon wasan ya kare.

A wasan kwallon kafa na Amurka, an hukunta wata kungiya mai cin zarafi ta yadi 5 saboda jinkirin wasa idan ta kasa sanya kwallon a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida kafin agogon wasan ya kare. 

Wannan ƙayyadaddun lokacin ya bambanta ta hanyar gasa, kuma yawanci yana da daƙiƙa 25 daga lokacin da ƙwallo ya nuna cewa ƙwallon yana shirye don kunna wasan.

Toshe ba bisa ka'ida ba a baya

Ka'idar ita ce duk wani shinge na kwallon kafa ya kamata a yi daga gaba, ba daga baya ba. 

Tushe ba bisa ka'ida ba a baya shine hukuncin da ake kira a ƙwallon ƙafa lokacin da ɗan wasa yayi tuntuɓar jiki sama da kugu kuma daga baya tare da ɗan wasan gaba wanda ba ya da ƙwallon. 

Wannan hukuncin yana haifar da hukuncin yadi 10 daga wurin cin zarafi.

Ta hanyar ''tuntuɓar jiki'' ana nufin amfani da hannayensa ko hannaye don tura abokin gaba daga baya ta hanyar da ta shafi motsinsa. 

Tarewa a ƙasan kugu

Wannan ya ƙunshi 'tange' ɗan wasan da ba mai ɗaukar ƙwallon ƙafa ba.

A kan wani shingen doka da ke ƙasan kugu (daga kowace hanya), mai katanga yana amfani da kafadarsa ba bisa ka'ida ba don tuntuɓar mai tsaron gida da ke ƙasa da bel ɗinsa. 

Ba bisa ka'ida ba saboda yana iya haifar da munanan raunuka - musamman ga gwiwa da ƙafar ƙafa - kuma yana da fa'ida marar adalci ga mai katanga saboda motsi yana hana mai tsaron gida.

Hukuncin shine yadi 15 a cikin NFL, NCAA (kwaleji / jami'a), da kuma a makarantar sakandare. A cikin NFL, toshewa a ƙasa da kugu ba bisa doka ba ne yayin wasan motsa jiki da kuma bayan canjin mallaka.

Dannawa

An haramta yankan saboda yana da yuwuwar haifar da raunuka, gami da haɗin gwiwa da haɗin gwiwa da kuma meniscus.

Clipping yana kai hari ga abokin gaba da ke ƙasa da kugu daga baya, muddin abokin hamayyar bai mallaki kwallon ba.

Clipping kuma ya haɗa da mirgina kan kan kafafun abokin gaba bayan toshewa.

Yawanci ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma a cikin Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Ƙasa ya halatta a yi gyare-gyare a sama da gwiwa a wasan kusa da juna.

Layin kusa shine yanki tsakanin wuraren da aka saba shagaltar da su ta hanyar mugun nufi. Ya shimfiɗa har yadi uku a kowane gefen layi na ƙwanƙwasa.

A yawancin wasanni, hukuncin yanke yadi 15 ne, kuma idan tsaro ya aikata, za a fara farawa ta atomatik. 

sara toshe

Toshe sara ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma yana faruwa ne lokacin da abokan hamayya biyu suka toshe dan wasa, daya babba daya kuma mara nauyi, yana sa dan wasan ya fadi.

Tushen sara shi ne shingen maharin inda dan wasan da ke kai hari ya toshe dan wasan da ke karewa a yankin cinya ko kasa, yayin da wani dan wasan da ke kai hari kan wannan dan wasan na tsaro sama da kugu.

Ba laifi ba ne idan abokin adawar mai katanga ya fara tuntuɓar sama da kugu, ko kuma idan mai katanga ya yi ƙoƙarin tserewa daga abokin hamayyarsa kuma tuntuɓar ba da gangan ba ne.

Hukuncin toshe sara ba bisa ka'ida ba shine asarar yadi 15.

Kicker/buga/ mariƙin

Yin kicker/punter shine lokacin da mai tsaron gida ya ci karo da bugun bugun daga kai sai mai harbi a lokacin wasan shura/buga.

Sau da yawa ana ba da hukumcin bugun bugun fanariti idan tuntuɓar bugun ya yi tsanani.

Yin kicker/punter yana faruwa ne lokacin da ɗan wasan da ke karewa ya taɓa ƙafar ɗan wasan da ke tsaye yayin da ƙafarsa ta shura tana cikin iska, ko kuma ta tuntuɓar mai bugun da zarar suna da ƙafafu biyu a ƙasa. 

Haka kuma dokar ta shafi mai rike da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, domin shi dan wasa ne marar tsaro.

Ba laifi ba ne idan tuntuɓar ba ta da tsanani, ko kuma idan mai bugun ya mayar da ƙafafu biyu a ƙasa kafin tuntuɓar kuma ya faɗi kan mai tsaron gida a ƙasa.

Hukuncin irin wannan cin zarafi a mafi yawan gasa shine yadi 15 da ƙasa ta farko ta atomatik.

Idan irin wannan cin zarafi ya faru, ƙungiyar da ke shirin barin mallaka a kan wani batu za ta ci gaba da mallakar ta a sakamakon haka.

Idan cin zarafi ya faru a kan burin filin wasan da aka yi nasarar harbi, za a yi la'akari da yardage a kan kickoff mai zuwa, sai dai idan ƙungiyar masu kai hari ta zaɓi karɓar hukuncin da kuma ci gaba da tuƙi cikin fatan zura kwallo a raga, wanda ake kira "ɗauka." maki daga kan allo”.

Kar a rikita wannan hukuncin tare da 'gudu cikin bugun daga kai' (duba ƙasa).  

Gudu cikin harbi

Ana ɗaukar gudu cikin harbin ƙasa mai tsanani idan aka kwatanta da roughing kicker.

Yana faruwa ne a lokacin da ɗan wasan da ke karewa ya tuntuɓi mai bugun ƙafar ƙafa ko kuma lokacin da ya hana mai bugun bugun daga sauka lafiya da ƙafafu biyu a ƙasa bayan bugun.

Idan dan wasan mai tsaron gida ya bugi kafar shura, ana la'akari da gudu cikin bugun. 

Gudun shiga cikin bugun daga kai sai mai rauni ne kuma rashin yadi 5 ne ga ƙungiyar.

Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan hukunce-hukuncen da ba su zo tare da farawa ta atomatik ba, kamar a waje.

Roughing mai wucewa

Ana barin masu tsaron gida su tuntubi ɗan wasan da ke ƙoƙarin jefa ƙwallon gaba yayin da suke riƙe da ƙwallon (misali buhun kwata-kwata).

Duk da haka, da zarar an saki kwallon, ba a yarda masu tsaron gida su tuntube su da kwata-kwata sai dai idan abin ya faru.

Hukuncin ko tuntuɓar da aka yi bayan fitar da ƙwallon ta kasance sakamakon cin zarafi ko kuma zaɓen da alkalin wasa ya yi bisa ga shari'a.

Yin kaca-kaca da mai wucewa laifi ne wanda dan wasan da ke karewa yayi mu'amala da dan wasan baya bayan ya jefa kwallo ta gaba.

Hukuncin yadi 10 ko 15 ne, ya danganta da gasar, kuma farkon farawa ta atomatik don laifi.

Hakanan ana iya kiran mai wucewa idan mai tsaron gida ya aikata abubuwan ban tsoro ga mai wucewa, kamar dauke shi ya danna shi a kasa, ko yin kokawa da shi.

Hakanan za'a iya kiran shi idan mai kunnawa yana tuntuɓar mai wucewa ya tuntuɓar hular-zuwa-kwalkwali, ko kuma ya sauka akan mai wucewa da cikakken nauyin jikinsa.

Banda ka'idar roughing shine lokacin da mai wucewa ya sake shiga wasa bayan ya jefa kwallo, kamar a yunƙurin toshewa, gyara ɓarna, ko tunkarar ɗan wasan kare wanda ya mallaki ƙwallon.

A wannan yanayin, ana kula da mai wucewa kamar kowane ɗan wasa kuma ana iya taɓa shi bisa doka.

Roughing mai wucewa shima baya shafi wucewar gefe ko ta baya.

Kutsawa

Ƙunƙwasawa yana da ma'anar daban-daban a cikin wasanni / gasa daban-daban. Abin da ya dace shine hukuncin: wato asarar yadi 5.

A cikin NFL, cin zarafi yana faruwa ne lokacin da dan wasan mai tsaron gida ya ketare layin da ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ya sadu da abokin gaba ko kuma yana da wata hanya madaidaiciya zuwa kwata kafin a buga kwallon. 

An dakatar da wasan nan da nan, kamar farkon farawa. Wannan cin zarafi zai zama hukuncin offside a cikin NCAA.

A makarantar sakandare, shiga ya haɗa da KOWANE ƙetare yankin tsaka-tsaki ta hanyar tsaro, ko an yi tuntuɓar ko a'a.

Yana kama da Offside/offside, sai dai idan wannan ya faru, ba a yarda a fara wasan ba.

Kamar yadda yake a waje, ana ladabtar da ƙungiyar da ta aikata laifin da yadi 5.

A cikin NCAA, ana kiran hukuncin cin zarafi lokacin da dan wasa mai ban tsoro ya wuce layin wasan bayan cibiyar ta taba kwallon amma har yanzu bata sanya ta cikin wasa ba.

Babu cin zarafi ga ƴan wasan tsaro a ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji.

Kwalkwali zuwa karon kwalkwali

Wannan nau'in tuntuɓar daga ƙarshe ana ɗaukarsa wasa mai haɗari daga hukumomin gasar bayan shekaru saboda yuwuwar haifar da mummunan rauni.

Manyan wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa, irin su NFL, Canadian Football League (CFL), da kuma NCAA, sun ɗauki matsaya mai tsauri kan karon kwalkwali zuwa kwalkwali.

Ƙaddamarwa shine bincike na Majalisa game da tasirin rikice-rikice na maimaitawa akan 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da sababbin binciken game da cututtukan cututtuka na ciwo na kullum (CTE).

Sauran raunin da za a iya samu sun haɗa da raunin kai, raunin kashin baya, har ma da mutuwa. 

Rikici tsakanin kwalkwali zuwa kwalkwali yana faruwa ne inda hular 'yan wasa biyu ke yin mu'amala da adadi mai yawa.

Yin karo da hular kwalkwali da gangan laifi ne a yawancin wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa.

Hukuncin yadi 15 ne, tare da saukowa ta 1 ta atomatik.

Masu kera kwalkwali suna ci gaba da haɓaka ƙirar su don mafi kyawun kare masu amfani da su daga raunin da irin wannan tasirin ya haifar.

abin wuyan doki

Ƙwallon doki yana da haɗari musamman saboda matsayi mai banƙyama na ɗan wasan da aka yi fama da shi, wanda sau da yawa zai koma baya a cikin motsi mai juyayi tare da ƙafa ɗaya ko biyu a makale a ƙarƙashin nauyin jikinsa.

Wannan ya fi muni idan ƙafar ɗan wasan ya kama cikin turf da ƙarin nauyin mai tsaron gida. 

Takalma na doki wani motsi ne da dan wasan baya ya tunkari wani dan wasa ta hanyar rike abin wuyan baya na rigar ko kuma bayan kafadar kafada sannan nan da nan ya zare mai daukar kwallon da karfi don cire kafafunsa daga karkashinsa. 

Raunin da za a iya samu ya haɗa da raunin ligament na cruciate ko hawaye a cikin gwiwoyi (ciki har da ACL da MCL) da idon kafa, da karaya na tibia da fibula.

Koyaya, an ba da izinin ƙwanƙarar ƙwanƙarar doki da aka yi kusa da layin da aka yi.

A cikin NFL, wasan doki-doki yana haifar da hukuncin kisa na 15-yard da farko ta atomatik idan tsaro ya yi.

Sau da yawa kuma zai haifar da tarar da kungiyar ta sanya wa dan wasan.

Hukuncin Facemask

Ana iya zartar da wannan hukuncin akan 'yan wasa a cikin laifi, tsaro da ƙungiyoyi na musamman. Ba a hukunta abin da ya faru da kwalkwali. 

Babu dan wasa da aka yarda abin rufe fuska kama ko ja daga wani ɗan wasa.

Hukuncin ya kai ga kama wasu sassan kwalkwali, gami da baki, ramukan kunne da manne. 

Babban dalilin wannan doka shine sake lafiyar ɗan wasa.

Yana da matukar haɗari kuma yana iya haifar da rauni a wuyansa da kai, saboda ana iya ja kwalkwali a kishiyar alkiblar da jiki ke motsawa.

Sau da yawa ana barin ga ulmpire ko tuntuɓar na ganganci ne ko kuma mai tsanani da zai iya ba da izinin hukunta abin rufe fuska.

A wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na makarantar sakandare, ɗan wasa na iya samun hukuncin kisa ta fuskar fuska kawai ta taɓa hular wani ɗan wasa.

Anyi nufin wannan doka don kare ƙananan ƴan wasa.

A cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji, duk da haka, NCAA tana bin ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya ga NFL, inda kamawa da sarrafa kwalkwali ya haifar da hukunci.

Dangane da littafin ka'idar NFL, hukuncin kisa na facemask yana haifar da hukuncin yadi 15.

Idan kungiyar da ta kai harin ta aikata hukuncin, hakan na iya haifar da hasara ko kasa.

Idan mai tsaron gida ya aikata laifin, ƙungiyar masu kai hari za su iya samun nasara ta farko ta atomatik.

A ce alkalan wasa sun gano cewa hukuncin yana da muni musamman, to hukuncin ya fi tsanani.

Misali, dan wasan da ya yi laifi ya fille hular wani dan wasa ko kuma ya yi amfani da abin rufe fuska wajen jefa dan wasan a kasa.

A wannan yanayin, ana iya dakatar da ɗan wasan saboda rashin son kai.

Sharuɗɗan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka da ma'anoni

Don fahimtar da kyau da kuma samun mafi kyawun ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka, kuna buƙatar sanin kanku da mahimman kalmomi da ma'anoni.

Jeri mai zuwa yana ba ku bayanin ainihin sharuɗɗan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka da ya kamata ku sani:

• Backfield: Rukunin 'yan wasa masu cin zarafi - masu gudu da baya - wadanda ke yin layi a bayan layi.
• Down: Aikin da ke farawa lokacin da aka sanya ƙwallon a cikin wasa kuma yana ƙare lokacin da aka ayyana kwallon "matattu" (ma'ana wasan ya cika). Laifin yana samun ƙasa huɗu don samun ƙwallon yadi 10 gaba. Rashin hakan, dole ne a ba da ƙwallon ga abokin gaba, yawanci ta hanyar 'maki' a ƙasa ta huɗu.
• drive: Jerin wasannin da ake yi idan laifin yana da kwallo, har sai ya zura kwallo ko ya wuce ‘points’ kuma kungiyar da ke hamayya da ita ta samu ikon sarrafa kwallon.
• yankin karshen: Tsawon yadi 10 a kowane ƙarshen filin. Kuna zura kwallaye yayin da kuka shiga yankin ƙarshen tare da ƙwallon. Idan an magance ku a yankin ƙarshen ku yayin da kuke mallakar ƙwallon, ɗayan ƙungiyar za ta sami aminci (ƙimar maki 2).
• Kama kama: Lokacin da mai dawowa ya jujjuya hannun da ya mike sama da kansa. Bayan siginar kama mai kyau, ɗan wasa ba zai iya gudu da ƙwallon ba, kuma dole ne abokin hamayya ya taɓa ta.
• Burin filin / burin filin: Buga, darajar maki uku, wanda za a iya ɗauka a ko'ina a filin wasa, amma yawanci ana ɗauka a cikin yadi 40 na maƙallan raga. Kamar yadda yake tare da ƙarin maki, dole ne a harbi bugun sama sama da sandar da tsakanin saƙon. 
• Faduwa: Rashin mallakan ƙwallon ƙafa yayin gudu ko ana fama da ita. Duk ƙungiyar masu kai hari da masu tsaron gida na iya dawo da hatsaniya. Idan mai tsaron gida ya mallaki kwallon, ana kiranta juyawa.
• Kashewa: Aikin ba da kwallo ta hanyar kai hari (yawanci kwata-kwata) ga wani dan wasan kai hari. Hannun hannu yawanci yana faruwa tsakanin kwata-kwata da baya mai gudu.
• Alamar Hash: Layukan da ke tsakiyar filin suna nuna yadi 1 akan filin. Ga kowane wasa, ana sanya ƙwallon a tsakanin alamomin hash ko a saman alamomin hash, ya danganta da inda aka tunkari mai ɗaukar ƙwallon a wasan da ya gabata.
• Hudu: Lokacin da 'yan wasa 11 na kungiya suka taru a filin wasa don tattauna dabarun. A kan laifi, kwata-kwata yana wuce wasan kwaikwayo a cikin runguma.
• Rashin cikawa: Fitowar gaba da ta fado kasa saboda ‘yan wasan sun kasa kamawa, ko kuma wani bugun da ya jefa dan wasa ko kuma ya kama shi daga fili.
• Sakin baki: Bacin rai wanda mai tsaron gida ya kama, wanda hakan yasa maharin ya daina kula da kwallon.
• harba: bugun daga kai sai mai buga kwallo. Ana amfani da kickoff a farkon kashi na farko da na uku da kuma bayan kowace taɓawa da nasarar burin filin.
• Layin scrimmage: Layi na hasashe mai faɗi faɗin filin da aka sanya ƙwallon ƙafa akan kowane sabon wasa. Laifi ko kariya ba za su iya ketare layi ba har sai an dawo da kwallon.
• Matsa: Buga da aka yi inda dan wasa ya sauke kwallon daga hannunsa yana bugun kasa kafin kwallon ta fado kasa. Yawancin lokaci ana samun maki a ƙasa ta huɗu lokacin da laifin dole ne ya bar mallaka ga tsaro saboda ba zai iya wuce yadi 10 ba.
• yankin ja: Yankin da ba na hukuma ba daga layin 20-yard zuwa layin burin abokin gaba. 
• Kick/punt dawo: Aikin karban bugun kwallo ko maki da gudu zuwa ragar abokan hamayyar da niyyar zura kwallo ko samun yawan yadi.
• Rushing: Tuda ƙwallon ta hanyar gudu, ba ta hanyar wucewa ba. A wani lokaci ma ana kiran mai gudu da gudu.
• Sack: Lokacin da mai tsaron gida ya tunkare kwata-kwata a bayan layin da ya sa kungiyar ta kai harin rasa yadi.
• Safety: Ci, darajar maki biyu, wanda tsaro ke samu ta hanyar tunkarar dan wasan da ya mallaki kwallon a yankinsa na karshensa.
• Secondary: 'Yan wasan tsaron gida hudu da ke kare bugun daga kai sai suka yi layi a bayan 'yan wasan gaba da fadi a kusurwar filin a gaban masu karbar harin.
• karye: Ayyukan da ƙwallon ke 'tsalle' (tsakanin kafafu) ta tsakiya zuwa kwata - ko zuwa ga mai riƙe a kan yunkurin bugun bugun, ko ga mai bugawa. Lokacin da karye ya faru, ƙwallon yana cikin wasa bisa hukuma kuma aikin ya fara.

A ƙarshe

Yanzu da kuka san ainihin yadda ake buga ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka, wasannin za su ƙara bayyana muku.

Ko wataƙila za ku fara horo don ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka da kanku!

Kuna son karantawa? Duba babban matsayi na game da yadda daftarin NFL ke aiki a zahiri

Joost Nusselder, wanda ya kafa alkalin wasa.eu shine mai siyar da abun ciki, uba kuma yana son yin rubutu game da kowane nau'in wasanni, kuma shima ya buga wasanni da yawa da kansa tsawon rayuwarsa. Yanzu tun daga 2016, shi da tawagarsa suna ƙirƙirar labaran blog masu taimako don taimakawa masu karatu masu aminci da ayyukan wasanni.