Kuyintokozo enkulu ukuthi ngikubhalele laba bafundi lezi zihloko, wena. Angiyamukeli inkokhelo yokubhala izibuyekezo, umbono wami ngemikhiqizo ungowami, kepha uma uthola izincomo zami zilusizo futhi ugcina uthenga okuthile ngesixhumanisi esisodwa engingathola ikhomishini kulokho. Ulwazi oluningi
Ukugcina ukuhleleka nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho iyalandelwa, Ibhola laseMelika imifelandawonye, njengeminye imidlalo, 'izikhulu' ezihlukahlukene - noma onompempe– abagijima umdlalo.
Laba onompempe baneqhaza elithile, izikhundla kanye nezibopho ezibenza bakwazi ukushaya amakhwela ngendlela efanele nangokungaguquguquki.
Kuya ngezinga okudlalwa ngalo Ibhola, kukhona ompempe abathathu kuya kwabayisikhombisa enkundleni ngesikhathi somdlalo webhola laseMelika. Izikhundla eziyisikhombisa, kanye nethimba le-chain crew, ngayinye inemisebenzi yayo kanye nezibopho zayo.
Kulesi sihloko ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezikhundla ezihlukene zonompempe ebholeni laseMelika, lapho abafola khona, abakufunayo nokuthi benzani phakathi nomdlalo ngamunye ukuze baqhubeke.
Funda futhi ukuthi zonke izikhundla zabadlali ebholeni laseMelika ziyini futhi zisho ukuthini
Lokho esixoxa ngakho kulokhu okuthunyelwe okuphelele:
Ama-Umpires ayisikhombisa ku-NFL Football
Unompempe yilowo onesibopho sokugcina imithetho nokuhleleka komdlalo.
Onompempe basuke begqoke ihembe elinemigqa emnyama nemhlophe, ibhulukwe elimnyama nebhande elimnyama nezicathulo ezimnyama. Baphinde bafake ikepisi.
Wonke unompempe ebholeni laseMelika unesihloko esisuselwe esikhundleni sakhe.
Izikhundla zonompempe ezilandelayo zingahlukaniswa ku-NFL:
- Unompempe/ Unompempe Oyinhloko (Umphenyi, R)
- Umphathi wezintambo (Ikhanda Linesman, HL)
- Ijaji lomugqa (Ijaji Lomugqa, L.J.)
- unompempe (unompempe, wena)
- ngemuva kukanompempe (Emuva Ijaji,B)
- unompempe oseceleni (Ijaji Eliseceleni, S)
- Unompempe (Ijaji lenkundla, F)
Ngenxa yokuthi 'unompempe' unesibopho sokugadwa kukonke kwegeyimu, indawo nayo ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi 'unompempe oyinhloko' ukuze amehlukanise nabanye onompempe.
Amasistimu onompempe ahlukene
Ngakho-ke i-NFL ikakhulukazi isebenzisa uhlelo olusemthethweni oluyisikhombisa.
Ibhola le-arena, ibhola lezinyawo lezikole zamabanga aphezulu kanye namanye amazinga ebhola, ngakolunye uhlangothi, anezinhlelo ezihlukene futhi inani lonompempe liyahlukahluka ngokwehlukana.
Ebholeni lasekolishi, njengakwiNFL, kunezikhulu eziyisikhombisa enkundleni.
Ebholeni lamabanga aphezulu kuvame ukuba nezikhulu ezinhlanu, kuyilapho amaligi entsha evamise ukusebenzisa izikhulu ezintathu ngomdlalo ngamunye.
In uhlelo olusemthethweni oluthathu kukhona unompempe (unompempe), ophethe umugqa kanye nejaji lomugqa osebenzayo, noma kwezinye izimo ngunompempe, unompempe kanye nomphathi womugqa. Lolu hlelo lujwayelekile ebholeni likanobhutshuzwayo labancane nabasebasha.
Kuzo uhlelo olusemthethweni olune kusetshenziswa unompempe (unompempe), unompempe, umphathi womugqa kanye nejaji lomugqa. Isetshenziswa kakhulu emazingeni aphansi.
A uhlelo olusemthethweni oluyisihlanu esetshenziswa ebholeni lenkundla, iningi lebhola lezinyawo lase-varsity lezikole zamabanga aphezulu, kanye nemiqhudelwano eminingi ye-semi-pro. Kwengeza ijaji elingemuva ohlelweni lwezikhulu ezine.
A uhlelo olusemthethweni oluyisithupha isebenzisa isistimu esemthethweni eyisikhombisa, khipha unompempe ongemuva. Lolu hlelo lusetshenziswa kweminye imidlalo yesikole samabanga aphezulu kanye nemidlalo yasekolishi emincane.
Kuchazwe izikhundla zonompempe
Manje cishe ufuna ukwazi ngeqhaza elithile likanompempe ngamunye okungenzeka.
Unompempe (nompempe oyinhloko)
Ake siqale ngomholi wabo bonke onompempe, 'unompempe' (unompempe, R).
Unompempe unesibopho sokugada jikelele komdlalo futhi unegunya elikhulu phezu kwazo zonke izinqumo.
Yingakho lesi sikhundla saziwa nangokuthi 'unompempe oyinhloko'. Unompempe oyinhloko uthatha indawo yakhe ngemuva kweqembu elihlaselayo.
Unompempe uzobala inani labadlali abahlaselayo, ahlole ikota emuva ngesikhathi semidlalo yokuphasa kanye nokugijima emuva ngesikhathi semidlalo egijima, aqaphe umkhahleli nombambi ngesikhathi semidlalo yokukhahlela, futhi enze izimemezelo phakathi nomdlalo wamaphenathi noma ezinye izincazelo.
Ungambona ngekepisi lakhe elimhlophe, ngoba ezinye izikhulu zigqoka amakepisi amnyama.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo nompempe ubuye aphathe uhlamvu lwemali ukuze uhlamvu lwemali luphonseke ngaphambi komdlalo (futhi uma kunesidingo, ukuze kwandiswe umdlalo).
I-Head Linesman (umphathi wezintambo)
Umugqa wekhanda (H noma HL) ume ohlangothini olulodwa lomugqa we-scrimmage (imvamisa uhlangothi olubhekene nebhokisi lokucindezela).
Umphathi womugqa unomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlola uku-offside, ukugqekeza kanye namanye amacala enzeke ngaphambi kwesigameko.
Wehlulela izenzo eceleni kwakhe, ahlole abamukeli eduze kwakhe, amaka indawo yebhola futhi aqondise iqembu lamaketango.
Ukweqa kwenzeka lapho, ngaphambi kwe-snap, umvikeli eqa ngokungemthetho umugqa wokuklobela bese ethintana nophikisana naye.
Njengoba umdlalo uthuthuka, umphathi womugqa unomthwalo wemfanelo wokwahlulela isenzo eceleni kwakhe, okuhlanganisa ukuthi umdlali usephumile emingceleni yini.
Ekuqaleni komdlalo wokudlula, unomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlola abemukeli abafanelekile abashaya umugqa eduze komugqa wakhe oseceleni ofika kumayadi angu-5-7 ukudlula umugqa wokubhala.
Umaka inqubekelaphambili eya phambili kanye nendawo yebhola futhi uphethe isikwati samaketango (okuningi kulokhu ngokuphazima kweso) kanye nemisebenzi yabo.
Umphathi wemigqa ophethe futhi uphatha iketango lokuqinisa elisetshenziswa abasebenzi bamaketango ukuze bamise kahle amaketango futhi baqinisekise ukubekwa kwebhola okunembayo okokuqala ukuya phansi.
Ijaji Lomugqa (Ijaji Lomugqa)
Ulayini (L noma LJ) usiza umshayeli welayini oyinhloko futhi ame ngakolunye uhlangothi lomugqa oyinhloko.
Imisebenzi yakhe iyafana neyenduna yomugqa.
Ijaji lomugqa libheka okungenzeka kube khona ukungezwani, ukungenela, ukuqala okungamanga nokunye ukwephulwa komugqa wokugxeka.
Njengoba umdlalo uthuthuka, unesibopho ngezenzo eduze kwakhe, okuhlanganisa nokuthi umdlali ungaphandle kwemigqa yenkundla.
Ubhekene nokubala abadlali abahlaselayo.
Esikoleni samabanga aphezulu (lapho onompempe abane besebenza khona) kanye nakumaligi amancane, u-lineman ungumgcini wesikhathi osemthethweni wegeyimu.
Ku-NFL, ekolishi nakwamanye amazinga ebhola lezinyawo lapho isikhathi esisemthethweni sigcinwa ebhodini lokushaya lenkundla, umshayeli wesitimela uba umgcini wesikhathi obekiwe uma kungenzeki okuthile okungalungile ngewashi.
unompempe
I-Umpire (U) ime ngemuva komugqa wokuzivikela kanye nabangemuva (ngaphandle kwe-NFL).
Njengoba unompempe etholakala lapho ingxenye enkulu yesenzo sokuqala somdlalo yenzeka khona, isikhundla sakhe sithathwa njengendawo eyingozi kakhulu kanompempe.
Ukuze ugweme ukulimala, ompempe be-NFL basohlangothini oluhlaselayo lwebhola ngaphandle kwalapho ibhola lingaphakathi komugqa wamagceke amahlanu futhi phakathi nemizuzu emibili yokugcina yesiwombe sokuqala nemizuzu emihlanu yokugcina yesiwombe sesibili.
Unompempe uhlola ukubamba noma amabhlogo angekho emthethweni phakathi kolayini ohlaselayo nolayini wokuzivikela, ubala inani labadlali abahlaselayo, ahlole okokusebenza kwabadlali, ahlole ikota, aphinde aqaphe amaphuzu nokuvala isikhathi.
Unompempe ubheka amabhlogo emugqeni wokuhlasela kanye nabadlali basemuva abazama ukuvimba la mabhulokhi - ubheka ukubamba noma amabhlogo angekho emthethweni.
Ngaphambi kwe-snap, ubala bonke abadlali abahlaselayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, unomthwalo wemfanelo wokuba semthethweni kwazo zonke izinto ezisetshenziswayo zabadlali futhi uqaphe i-quarterback ukuze athole amaphasi adlula umugqa wokuhluza aphinde aqaphe amaphuzu nokuvala isikhathi.
Abadlali ngokwabo baphakathi nendawo, bese futhi babe nempahla ephelele yegiya le-AF noma ukuzivikela
Ijaji elingemuva (ngemuva kukanompempe)
Ijaji elingemuva (B noma BJ) lime lijule ngemuva komugqa wesibili ovikelayo maphakathi nenkundla. Uhlanganisa indawo yenkundla phakathi kwakhe nonompempe.
Ijaji elingemuva lehlulela isenzo sabagijimi abaseduze, abemukeli (ikakhulukazi iziphetho eziqinile) kanye nabavikeli abaseduze.
Amajaji adlulisa ukugxambukela, amabhlogo angekho emthethweni namaphasi angaphelele. Unezwi lokugcina mayelana nokuba semthethweni kokukhahlelwa okungenziwanga emgqeni we-scrimmage (kickoffs).
Kanye nejaji lasenkundleni, unquma ukuthi imizamo yamagoli asenkundleni iyaphumelela futhi ubala inani labadlali abavikelayo.
Ku-NFL, ijaji elingemuva libophezelekile ekukhipheni isinqumo ngokubambezeleka kokwephulwa komdlalo (lapho umhlaseli ehluleka ukuqala umdlalo wakhe olandelayo ngaphambi kokuthi iwashi legeyimu lamasekhondi angu-40 liphelelwe yisikhathi).
Ebholeni lasekolishi, ijaji elingemuva libhekene newashi lomdlalo, eliqhutshwa umsizi ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwakhe.
Esikoleni samabanga aphezulu (amaqembu onompempe abahlanu), unompempe wangemuva ungumgcini wesikhathi osemthethweni womdlalo.
Unompempe wangemuva uphinde abe unogada wewashi legeyimu emidlalweni yesikole samabanga aphezulu futhi ubala umzuzu owodwa ovunyelwe ukuvala isikhathi (amasekhondi angu-30 kuphela avunyelwe ngesikhathi sokuvala seqembu emidlalweni yekolishi yethelevishini).
I-Side Judge (unompempe oseceleni)
Ijaji eseceleni (S noma SJ) lisebenza ngemuva komugqa wokuvikela wesibili ohlangothini olufanayo nomphathi womugqa, kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi lukanompempe wenkundla (funda kabanzi ngezansi).
Njengonompempe wasensimini, wenza izinqumo mayelana nezenzo eduze kwakhe futhi ahlulele isenzo sabagijimi abaseduze, abemukeli nabavikeli.
Amajaji adlulisa ukugxambukela, amabhlogo angekho emthethweni namaphasi angaphelele. Ubala nabadlali abavikelayo futhi asebenze njengonompempe wesibili phakathi nemizamo yegoli lenkundla.
Imisebenzi yakhe iyafana neyomahluleli wasensimini, kuphela ngakolunye uhlangothi lwenkundla.
Ebholeni lasekolishi, ijaji eliseceleni libhekele iwashi lomdlalo, elisetshenziswa umsizi ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwakhe.
Ijaji lenkundla (umpire wasensimini)
Okokugcina, kukhona ijaji lenkundla (F noma FJ) elisebenzayo ngemuva komugqa wokuvikela wesibili, kumugqa oseceleni ofanayo nowakwesokudla.
Uthatha izinqumo eduze nohlangothi lwakhe lwenkundla futhi ahlulele isenzo sabagijimi abaseduze, abemukeli nabavikeli.
Amajaji adlulisa ukugxambukela, amabhlogo angekho emthethweni namaphasi angaphelele. Uphinde abe nesibopho sokubala abadlali abavikelayo.
Kanye nejaji elingemuva, uyahlulela ukuthi imizamo yamagoli asenkundleni iyaphumelela yini.
Kwesinye isikhathi uba ngumgcini wesikhathi osemthethweni, obhekele iwashi lemidlalo emiqhudelwaneni eminingi.
I-Chain Crew
Iqembu eliwuchungechunge alilona 'lezikhulu' noma onompempe ngokusemthethweni, kodwa nokho libalulekile ngesikhathi Imidlalo yebhola laseMelika.
I-chain crew, ebizwa nangokuthi 'i-chain crew' noma 'iqembu lezigelekeqe' ngesi-American, yiqembu eliphethe izigxobo zesignali kwenye yezindawo eziseceleni.
Kunezigxobo zesignali ezintathu eziyinhloko:
- 'okuthunyelwe okungemuva' okubonisa ukuqala kwesethi yamanje yokwehla
- "okuthunyelwe okungaphambili" okubonisa "umugqa okufanele uzuze" (indawo engamayadi ayi-10 ukusuka lapho ibhola libonwa khona okokuqala ngqa kwecala)
- 'ibhokisi' elibonisa umugqa we-scrimmage.
Amaposi amabili ananyathiselwe ngezansi ngeketango elingamayadi ayi-10 ubude, 'nebhokisi' elibonisa inombolo yamanje ephansi.
Ithimba le-chain libonisa izinqumo zonompempe; abazithatheli izinqumo bona.
Abadlali babheka ithimba le-chain ukuze babone umugqa we-scrimmage, inombolo ephansi kanye nomugqa ukuze bazuze.
Izikhulu zingathembela kuchungechunge lweqembu ngemva komdlalo lapho umphumela uncike endaweni yangempela yebhola (esimeni sokudlula okungaphelele noma inhlawulo, isibonelo).
Kwesinye isikhathi amaketango adinga ukulethwa enkundleni uma kudingeka ukufundwa okunembile ukuze kutholwe ukuthi ngabe ukwehliswa kokuqala kwenziwa yini.
Funda futhi: Konke odinga ukukwazi ukuze ube ngunompempe weHockey
Izesekeli zikanompempe webhola laseMelika
Ukuba senkundleni nokwazi imithetho akwanele. Onompempe nabo badinga ukwazi ukusebenzisa izesekeli ezihlukahlukene.
Ngokuvamile, basebenzisa izesekeli ezilandelayo ukwenza kahle imisebenzi yabo enkundleni:
- Shaya ikhwela
- Umaka wenhlawulo noma ifulege
- isikhwama sikabhontshisi
- Inkomba ephansi
- Ikhadi ledatha yegeyimu nepensela
- Isitophuwashi
- Pet
Ziyini ngempela lezi zinsiza futhi zisetshenziswa kanjani onompempe?
Shaya ikhwela
Impempe eyaziwayo yonompempe. Wonke unompempe ebholeni laseMelika unoyedwa futhi angawusebenzisa ukuqeda umdlalo.
Impempe isetshenziselwa ukukhumbuza abadlali ukuthi ibhola 'lifile': ukuthi umdlalo uphelile (noma awukaze uqalise).
'Ibhola elifile' lisho ukuthi ibhola lithathwa njengelingenakudlaleka okwesikhashana futhi akufanele linyakaziswe nhlobo ngalezo zikhathi.
'Ibhola elifile' ebholeni lenzeka lapho:
- umdlali ugijime nebhola liphumile emingceleni
- ngemuva kokuthi ibhola lihlezi - kungaba umdlali obekade ekhahlelwe phansi noma ngokudlula okungaphelele ukuthinta phansi.
- ngaphambi kokuthi ibhola lithathwe ukuze kuqale umdlalo olandelayo
Ngesikhathi lapho ibhola 'lifile', amaqembu akumele azame ukuqhubeka nokudlala nebhola, futhi akumele kube noshintsho ekuphatheni ibhola.
Umaka wenhlawulo noma ifulege
Umaka wenhlawulo usongwe ngesisindo, njengesihlabathi noma ubhontshisi (noma ngezinye izikhathi ama-ball bearings, nakuba lokhu kuye kwadumazeka kusukela isigameko emdlalweni we-NFL sabonisa ukuthi labo badlali bangalimala), ukuze ifulegi liphonswe ibanga elithile futhi ukunemba.
Umaka wesijeziso yifulegi eliphuzi ngokugqamile elijikijelwa enkundleni ngendlela, noma esikhundleni secala.
Emapholini lapho indawo ingafaneleki khona, njengamaphutha okwenzeka ngokushesha noma phakathi 'nebhola elifile', ifulegi ngokuvamile lijikijelwa phezulu emoyeni.
Onompempe bavamise ukuphatha ifulegi lesibili uma kwenzeka ukwephulwa kaningi ngesikhathi somdlalo.
Izikhulu eziphelelwa amafulegi uma zibona ukwephulwa komthetho kaningi zingabeka amakepisi azo noma isikhwama sikabhontshisi esikhundleni salokho.
isikhwama sikabhontshisi
Isikhwama sikabhontshisi sisetshenziselwa ukumaka izindawo ezahlukene enkundleni, kodwa asisetshenziselwa ukunukubeza.
Isibonelo, isikhwama sikabhontshisi sisetshenziselwa ukumaka indawo yokuphuthaza noma lapho umdlali ebambe khona iphuzu.
Umbala uvame ukuba mhlophe, okwesibhakabhaka noma osawolintshi, kuye ngokuncintisana, izinga lokudlala kanye nezimo zezulu.
Ngokungafani nezimpawu zokujeziswa, izikhwama zikabhontshisi zingajikijelwa endaweni ehambisana nomugqa wegceke oseduze, hhayi endaweni yangempela lapho isenzo senzeke khona.
Inkomba ephansi
Lesi sisekeli ngokuyinhloko simnyama ngombala.
Inkomba ephansi iyibhande eliklanywe ngokukhethekile elisetshenziselwa ukukhumbuza onompempe ngokuphansi kwamanje.
Kukhona iluphu enwebekayo exhunywe kuyo egoqa iminwe.
Ngokujwayelekile izikhulu zifaka iluphu emunweni wokukhomba uma kungokokuqala phansi, umunwe ophakathi uma kungowesibili phansi, njalo njalo kuze kufike owesine phansi.
Esikhundleni senkomba yangokwezifiso, ezinye izikhulu zisebenzisa amabhande enjoloba awugqinsi amabili aboshwe ndawonye njengenkomba ephansi: ibhande lerabha elilodwa lisetshenziswa njengebhande esihlakaleni kanti elinye liboshelwe phezu kweminwe.
Ezinye izikhulu, ikakhulukazi onompempe, zingasebenzisa inkomba yesibili ukulandelela ukuthi ibhola libekwe kuphi phakathi kwama-hashi amamaki angaphambi komdlalo (okungukuthi amamaki e-hashi angakwesokudla, akwesokunxele, noma phakathi nendawo kokubili).
Lokhu kubalulekile uma sekufanele babeke kabusha ibhola ngemuva kokudlula okungaphelele noma iphutha.
Ikhadi ledatha yegeyimu nepensela
Amakhadi edatha yegeyimu angaba yiphepha elilahlwayo noma ipulasitiki elisebenziseka kabusha.
Onompempe babhala phansi ulwazi olubalulekile lokuphatha lapha, olufana nowine i-toss yemali yomdlalo, ukuphela kwesikhathi kweqembu, namaphutha enziwe.
Ipensela abaphethe onompempe inekepisi elikhethekile elimise okwebhola. Ikepisi livimbela i-ref ukuthi ingafakwa ngepensela ngenkathi isephaketheni lakhe.
Isitophuwashi
Isitophuwashi sikanompempe imvamisa iwashi lesandla ledijithali.
Onompempe bagqoka isitophuwashi uma kudingeka emisebenzini yesikhathi.
Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukulandelela isikhathi sokudlala, ukulandelela ukuphela kwesikhathi nokulandelela isikhawu phakathi kwamakwata amane.
Pet
Bonke onompempe bagqoka ikepisi. Unompempe oyinhloko nguyena yedwa onekepisi elimhlophe, abanye bagqoke ikepisi elimnyama.
Uma umdlali ongaphethe ibhola ephuma emikhawulweni, unompempe uzodedela ikepisi yakhe ukuze amake indawo lapho umdlali aphume khona emingceleni.
Ikepisi liphinde lisetshenziswe ukukhombisa icala lesibili lapho ummeli esevele esebenzise into evamile (njengoba kushiwo ngenhla), kodwa futhi ukukhombisa ukuziphatha okungahambisani nomdlalo ngokumelene nommeli ngokwakhe.
Kungani onompempe bebhola benenombolo yehembe?
Onompempe bagqoka izinombolo ukuze bazihlukanise nabanye onompempe.
Nakuba lokhu kungase kwenze umqondo omncane emazingeni amancane okudlala (abadlali abaningi bamampimpi banencwadi emhlane wabo kunenombolo), emazingeni e-NFL nasemakolishi (enyuvesi) kubalulekile.
Njengoba nje abadlali bedinga ukuqashelwa efilimini yomdlalo, kufanele nezikhulu.
Uma isikhulu sophiko senza izinqumo, kuba lula ukubona onompempe bese unquma ukuthi yimuphi unompempe owenza kangcono noma kancane.
Kuze kube manje, cishe kunezikhulu eziyi-115 ku-NFL, futhi unompempe ngamunye unenombolo. Onompempe bebhola bawumgogodla walo mdlalo.
Basiza ukugcina ukuhleleka emdlalweni onzima nowomzimba wokuxhumana. Ngaphandle konompempe, umdlalo ubungaba isiphithiphithi.
Ngakho-ke, hlonipha onompempe bangakini futhi ungalokothi ubagxeke ngenhlamba ngesinqumo esingalungile.
Kungani omunye wonompempe egqoke ikepisi elimhlophe?
Njengoba sekushiwo, unompempe ogqoke ikepisi elimhlophe ungunompempe oyinhloko.
Unompempe ugqoke ikepisi elimhlophe ukuze ahluke kwabanye onompempe.
Ngomqondo olandelanayo, unompempe onekepisi elimhlophe angabonakala “njengomqeqeshi oyinhloko” wonompempe, unompempe ngamunye abe umsizi.
Lo mmeli uzokhuluma nomqeqeshi uma kunesigameko, nguyena obhekele ukukhipha abadlali emdlalweni futhi amemezele uma kunephenathi.
Lo nompempe uzophinde ayeke ukudlala uma kunesidingo ukuze alungise noma yiziphi izinkinga.
Ngakho hlala ubheka unompempe onekepisi elimhlophe uma kuke kwaba nenkinga.
