Kwallon kafa: Duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da filin, 'yan wasa da wasanni

Wasa ce da ke jan hankalin miliyoyin mutane a duk duniya kuma dokokin na iya zama ɗan ban mamaki.

Wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wasa ne na ƙungiyar wanda ƙungiyoyi biyu na 'yan wasa goma sha ɗaya ke ƙoƙarin zura kwallo a junansu ball cikin burin abokin hamayya. Dokokin wasan suna da tsauri kuma ana bin su alkalin wasa jagoranci.

A cikin wannan labarin zan gaya muku duka game da tarihi, dokoki, matsayi daban-daban da kuma darajar ilimi na wasanni.

Kwallon kafa: shahararriyar wasanni a duniya mai fuskoki da yawa

Dokokin wasan da manufar kwallon kafa

Wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wasa ne na ƙungiyar wanda ƙungiyoyi biyu na ƴan wasa goma sha ɗaya ke fafatawa da juna a filin wasa. Abin da ake yi a wasan shi ne a saka kwallon a cikin ragar abokan hamayyar da kuma zura kwallaye fiye da abokan hamayya. Ana iya taba kwallon ne kawai da ƙafafu, kai ko ƙirji, ban da mai tsaron gida wanda kuma zai iya taɓa ƙwallon da hannunsa a cikin filin bugun fanareti. Alkalin wasa ne ke jagorantar wasan kuma yana ganin kowa ya bi ka'idojin wasan.

Matsayin ayyukan ƙungiya da matsayi na mutum

Kwallon kafa wasa ne na ƙungiya wanda kowane mutum yana taka muhimmiyar rawa. Dole ne kungiyar ta yi aiki tare don samar da kwallon da kuma samar da dama, yayin da kuma yana da muhimmanci a hana cin kwallo daga abokan hamayya. An rarraba kungiyar zuwa wurare daban-daban kamar su masu kai hari, ’yan wasan tsakiya, masu tsaron baya da kuma mai tsaron gida. Kowane matsayi yana da nasa aikin ƙungiyar da matsayin wasa wanda dole ne a cika shi a zahiri.

Al'adar kwallon kafa

Kwallon kafa wasa ne mai rikitarwa wanda abubuwa da yawa ke taka rawa. Ba wai kawai don zura kwallaye ba, har ma game da aiwatar da ayyukan ƙwallon ƙafa kamar haɓakawa, ɗigon ruwa, kan gaba, matsa lamba, zamewa da sauyawa. Yana da mahimmanci a dawo da mallakar ƙwallon da sauri da sauri kuma a buga ƙwallon gaba da sauri.

Darajar ilimi ta ƙwallon ƙafa

Kwallon kafa ba kawai wasa ba ne, har ma da ayyukan ilimi. Yana koya wa ’yan wasa aiki tare, magance cin nasara da rashin nasara da kuma mutunta alkalin wasa da abokin hamayya. Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa sau da yawa suna da tsarin samari wanda ke mayar da hankali ga bunkasa basirar 'yan wasa da kuma samar da ruhin kungiya.

Encyclopedia na kwallon kafa

Kwallon kafa wasa ne da kusan mutane miliyan 270 ke bugawa a duk duniya. Wasa ce da ta ƙunshi fiye da wasan da kanta. Akwai lig-lig, kulake da ƴan wasa da yawa waɗanda duk suna da nasu labarin. Akwai ƙamus na wiki na Dutch da wiktionary wanda a ciki aka bayyana duk sharuɗɗan da ra'ayoyin ƙwallon ƙafa. Akwai litattafai da fina-finai da yawa da ke ba da labarin ƙwallon ƙafa kuma akwai mutane da yawa waɗanda ke da hannu wajen gyara labaran da suka shafi ƙwallon ƙafa.

Muhimmancin sasantawa da taimako

Hukunce-hukuncen shari'a da taimako muhimmin al'amura ne na kwallon kafa. Dole ne alkalin wasa ya kasance mai nuna son kai kuma ya aiwatar da dokokin wasan. Mataimaka suna taimaka wa alkalin wasa ya ga abin da ke faruwa a filin wasa kuma za su iya taimaka masa wajen yanke shawara. Yana da mahimmanci cewa sasantawa da taimako suyi aiki yadda yakamata domin wasan ya kasance mai gaskiya.

Muhimmancin nasara da rashin nasara

Kwallon kafa yana game da zura kwallaye da lashe wasanni. Yana da mahimmanci a yi ƙoƙari don samun riba, amma kuma yana da mahimmanci a koyi yadda za a magance asara. Wasa ce da kungiya daya ke samun damammaki fiye da sauran, amma a karshe ana batun wanda ya fi cin kwallaye. Yana da mahimmanci a ci gaba da canza dabaru da canzawa akai-akai don mamakin abokin hamayya.

Muhimmancin ruhin ƙungiya da ƙwarewar mutum

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Kwallon kafa wasa ne na ƙungiya wanda kowane mutum yana taka muhimmiyar rawa. Yana da mahimmanci a yi aiki tare da kyau a matsayin ƙungiya kuma a tallafa wa juna. Har ila yau yana da mahimmanci a yi aiki a kan basirar mutum ɗaya na 'yan wasan don ƙara ƙarfin ƙungiyar. Wasa ne wanda saurin da dabaru da dabaru ke haduwa kuma a cikinsa yana da mahimmanci a ci gaba da yin aiki kan ingantawa a matsayin kungiya.

Tarihin kwallon kafa

Asalin kwallon kafa

An dade ana tafka mahawara game da tushen kwallon kafa, amma bisa ga dukkan alamu an fara gudanar da wasan a fadin duniya ta fannoni daban-daban shekaru aru-aru. Kwallon kafa na zamani kamar yadda muka sani a yau ya samo asali ne a Ingila a karni na 19. A shekara ta 1863 aka kafa hukumar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, wadda ta shimfida ka'idojin wasan da kuma shirya gasar. Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da 'yan wasan kwallon kafa sun ci gaba da fito da sabbin dabaru da salon wasa don inganta wasan.

Ci gaban kwallon kafa a Turai

Wasan ƙwallon ƙafa cikin sauri ya zama sananne a Turai kuma ƙaddamar da ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin 20s ya ba da damar yin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta hanyar fasaha. Turawan Ingila sun kai wasan kwallon kafa zuwa wasu kasashe kuma cikin sauri ya zama wasanni mafi shahara a Turai. Kasar Netherlands ce ke da kungiyar kwallon kafa mafi dadewa a duniya, UD daga Deventer, sai kuma HFC daga Haarlem. Sau da yawa 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa sun fito da sabbin dabaru da salon wasa don inganta wasan.

Ci gaban kwallon kafa na duniya

A cikin 30s, ƙwallon ƙafa yana ƙara yin wasa a duniya kuma gasa ta duniya ta fito. Denmark ta kasance ba za a iya doke ta ba kuma Uruguay ta zama zakara ta farko a duniya a 1930. A cikin shekarun 50, 'yan wasan Austrian sun kasance masu karfi, ko da yake ba su ci kofin duniya ba. A cikin shekarun 50 da 60, babu shakka Hungary ta kasance tawaga mafi ƙarfi a duniya, a cewar wasu, ba ta taɓa ma fi kyau ba. Shahararrun 'yan wasan kwallon kafa Kocsis da Czibor sun kasance cikin wannan kungiyar. Tatsuniya ta ƙare tare da tawaye a Hungary a 1956.

Kwallon kafa na zamani

Wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na zamani yayi kama da ƙwallon ƙafa ta hanyoyi da yawa, amma kuma an sami sauye-sauye da yawa. Misali, an daidaita ka'idojin wasan kuma wasan ya zama mai sauri da kuma jiki. Har yanzu kwallon kafa ita ce wasanni mafi shahara a duniya kuma miliyoyin mutane ne ke buga wasa da kallo.

Filin ƙwallon ƙafa: filin wasa na wannan shahararren wasan ƙwallon ƙafa

Gabaɗaya bayanin filin

Filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa yanki ne mai kusurwa huɗu wanda ake buga wasan a kai. An raba filin zuwa rabi biyu ta hanyar layin tsakiya kuma an kewaye shi da layin gefe. An ƙara rarraba filin ta hanyar layin da ke nuna iyakokin filin wasa. Layin burin shine layin tsakanin ginshiƙan raga biyu kuma layukan baya suna a kowane ƙarshen filin. Filin yana da girman kimanin mita 100 tsayi da mita 50 ga manya.

Matsayin masu hari

Akwai yankin burin a ƙarshen filin. Yankin burin yana da alamar layi na rectangular kuma yana da iyaka da layin burin da kuma layi biyu da ke fadada waje da ƙarewa a wurare na kusurwa. Yankin da aka yi nisa yana da faɗin mita 16,5 da tsayin mita 40,3. A cikin yankin burin akwai burin, wanda ya ƙunshi ginshiƙan raga biyu da mashaya. Manufar ita ce fadin mita 7,32 da tsayin mita 2,44.

Wuraren hukunci da hukunci

Wurin bugun fanareti yanki ne mai siffar rectangular wanda yake a kowane karshen filin wasa, a cikin yankin burin. Yankin hukuncin yana da faɗin mita 16,5 da tsayin mita 40,3. Hukuncin yana tsakiyar tsakiyar yankin kuma shine inda ake yanke hukunci.

Da'irar tsakiya da farawa

A tsakiyar filin akwai da'irar tsakiya, inda za a fara wasan. Da'irar ta tsakiya tana da diamita na mita 9,15. Ana ɗaukar wasan daga tsakiyar tabo, wanda ke tsakiyar tsakiyar da'irar.

Sauran layi da yankuna

Baya ga layuka da wuraren da aka ambata a sama, akwai sauran layi da wuraren da ke filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Misali, akwai wurin bugun kusurwa a ƙarshen filin biyu, wanda ke da alamar da'irar kwata. Ana ɗaukar bugun kusurwa daga sasanninta na wannan yanki. A gefen waje na bugun fanareti akwai bugun fanareti, inda ake samun bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Yankin da ke tsakanin yankin hukunci da layin tsakiya ana kiransa tsakiya.

Matsayin mai tsaron gida

Kowace kungiya tana da mai tsaron gida, wanda ke kare matsayin burin. Mai tsaron gida yana iya taɓa ƙwallon kawai da hannaye da hannaye a cikin yankin raga. A wajen filin ragar raga, mai tsaron gida na iya taɓa ƙwallon da kowane sashe na jikinsa, sai dai hannunsa da hannaye. ‘Yan wasan da ke hamayya sun far wa mai tsaron gida, inda suka yi kokarin harbin kwallon a raga.

'Yan wasa da jerin gwano a kwallon kafa

'Yan wasan

Wasan kwallon kafa ya kunshi kungiyoyi biyu ne mai ‘yan wasa 11 kowanne, daya daga cikinsu shi ne mai tsaron gida. Kowace kungiya tana da ’yan wasa da yawa ga kowane matsayi a filin wasa, kamar masu tsaron baya, ’yan wasan tsakiya da kuma na gaba. Ana iya maye gurbin 'yan wasa yayin wasa, misali saboda rauni ko wasa mara kyau.

Saituna

Mai horar da 'yan wasan ne ke tabbatar da jerin gwano, wanda ke ba da jagora ga 'yan wasan game da ayyukansu da matsayinsu a filin wasa. Za a iya yin tsari daban-daban, kamar 4-4-2, 4-3-3 da 3-5-2, inda yawan ‘yan wasan baya, ‘yan wasan tsakiya da ‘yan wasan gaba suka bambanta.

A yau, yawanci ana sanar da jeri ta hanyar lantarki, tare da nuna sunayen 'yan wasan akan allo. Wannan yana ba alkalan wasa da ’yan wasa ra’ayin yin layi da kuma ‘yan wasan da ke filin wasa.

takardar kudi

Kowace kungiya tana da ’yan wasa da yawa da za a yi amfani da su yayin wasan. Ana iya yin musanya saboda dalilai na dabara, misali don maye gurbin dan wasan da ba ya taka leda, ko kuma saboda rauni.

Mai horar da 'yan wasan yana tantance dan wasan da aka canza da wanda ya shigo. Ana iya ƙaddara wannan, amma kuma za'a iya yanke shawara yayin wasan. Idan an canza shi, dole ne dan wasan ya bar filin kuma bazai dawo a wasa daya ba.

Saituna don nasara

Tun da aka fara wasan kwallon kafa, an amsa tambayar ta hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta fitar da kungiya ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Alal misali, Hélenio Herrera, ya ƙirƙira salon wasan catanaccio, wanda ya sa Internazionale ta zama magajin Italiya mai nasara a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA. Rinus Michels ya zama zakara sau uku a jere tare da Ajax ta hanyar salon wasan kwallon kafa da tsarinsa.

A yau, akwai labarai da yawa na tsarin nasara da kociyoyin da suka jagoranci ƙungiyar su zuwa saman. Sai dai a karshe kociyan ne ke yanke shawarar wacce ta fi dacewa da kungiyarsa da yadda za a raba ‘yan wasan a filin wasa. Yana da mahimmanci a aiwatar da dokokin wasan yadda ya kamata kuma a hukunta keta haddi domin wasan ya yi adalci.

Kayan aikin ƙwallon ƙafa: menene 'yan wasa suke sawa a filin wasa?

Janar

Kwallon kafa wasa ne da 'yan wasa ke sanya tufafi iri ɗaya, yawanci a cikin launukan ƙungiyar su. Ana fassara kalmar 'kayan aiki' azaman 'kayan ado' ko 'kayan aiki' a cikin Ingilishi. Dokokin hukumar kwallon kafa ta FIFA sun kafa ma'auni na kayan aikin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa. Waɗannan dokoki sun ƙayyade mafi ƙanƙanta kuma sun haramta amfani da kayan aiki masu haɗari.

Kayan aikin ƙwallon ƙafa don 'yan wasa

Kayan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa sun ƙunshi safa, takalman ƙwallon ƙafa da masu gadi. A cikin lokacin sanyi, wasu 'yan wasa suna sanya dogayen damisa da safar hannu. Kamar yadda kuke gani a tarihin kwallon kafa, yawancin maza ne ke buga wasan, amma kuma mata suna amfani da kayan aiki iri daya.

Kwararrun kungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa

Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa ƙwararrun suna da kayan sawa na 'yan wasan su, da suka haɗa da rigar polo, masu dumin jiki da jaket. Alkalin wasa da alkalan tabawa suna sanya kayan aiki daban-daban. Mai tsaron gida yana sanye da kaya daban kuma kyaftin na sanye da rigar kyaftin. Lokacin da aka samu mutuwa a duniyar kwallon kafa, ana sanya makada na makoki yayin wasan.

Dokokin kayan aikin ƙwallon ƙafa

Dole ne 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa su sami damar motsawa cikin 'yanci a cikin kayan aikin su. Dole ne suturar ta kasance mai faɗi da yawa ga kowa sai waɗanda ke cikin ƙungiyar waɗanda suke mai tsaron gida, kyaftin ko ɗan layi. Ana buƙatar su sanya kayan aiki daban-daban. Ba a yarda ’yan wasa su bayar ko musayar kuɗi don kayan aikinsu ba.

Kit ɗin ƙwallon ƙafa

Kayan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙungiyar gida ya ƙunshi riga a cikin launuka na kulob din, gajeren wando na ƙwallon ƙafa da takalman ƙwallon ƙafa. Dole ne launukan 'yan wasan waje su bambanta da na ƙungiyar gida. Idan launukan 'yan wasan waje sun yi kama da na kungiyar gida, dole ne 'yan wasan su canza launi. Mai tsaron gida yana sanya kala daban-daban don bambanta kansa da sauran 'yan wasan.

Dokokin kwallon kafa

Dokokin Aiki

Kwallon kafa wasa ne da ake bugawa bisa ka'idar hukumar ta FIFA, kungiyar kwallon kafa ta duniya. Ana kuma kiran waɗannan dokoki a matsayin 'Dokokin Wasan' kuma an tsara su don tabbatar da daidaitaccen hanyar yin wasa.

Adadin 'yan wasa da jerin gwano

Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙunshi mafi girman 'yan wasa goma sha ɗaya, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine mai tsaron gida. Yawan 'yan wasan na iya dogara da gasar ko gasar da ake bugawa. Matsayin ’yan wasa a filin wasa ba a kayyade ba, amma akwai wasu mukamai da ake sanya ’yan wasa a kai.

Filin

Filin ƙwallon ƙafa yana da madaidaicin girman kuma yana da siffar rectangular. Girman filin na iya bambanta dangane da gasar ko gasar da ake bugawa. Filin ya kasu kashi biyu kuma akwai layuka da yawa da alamun da ke nuna yankuna daban-daban.

ball

Kwallon da aka buga da ita tana da siffar siga kuma tana da wani kewaye da taro. FIFA na da takamaiman ka'idoji na girman da nauyin kwallon, haka kuma akwai ka'idojin ingancin kwallon da ake amfani da su yayin wasa.

Manufar

Abin da ake yi a wasan shi ne a zura kwallo a ragar abokan karawar don zura kwallo a raga. Idan kwallon gaba daya ta ketare layin raga tsakanin ginshikan raga da kuma karkashin sandar giciye, ana bayar da wata manufa.

Offside

Offside wata doka ce da ke ƙayyade lokacin da ɗan wasa ke cikin matsayi na waje. Dan wasa yana offside idan ya fi kusa da layin abokan hamayya fiye da kwallon da mai tsaron gida idan an buga masa kwallon.

Laifi da cin zarafi

Akwai nau'o'i daban-daban na lalata a wasan kwallon kafa kamar magance abokin hamayya, harbi abokin gaba ko rike abokin gaba. Idan dan wasa ya aikata laifi, alkalin wasa na iya bayar da bugun daga kai sai bugun fanariti ga abokan hamayyarsu. Idan aka yi rashin kunya ko rashin son wasa, alkalin wasa na iya ba wa dan wasa katin gargadi ko yellow card.

Dokokin masu tsaron gida

Dokokin masu tsaron gida sun ɗan bambanta da na sauran 'yan wasa. Misali, masu tsaron gida na iya taba kwallon da hannayensu a cikin nasu fanareti, amma ba a wajenta ba. Haka kuma ba a basu damar rike kwallon sama da dakika shida ba kuma ba a basu damar daukar kwallon idan wani abokin wasan ya buga ta da kafarsu.

Gasa da ka'idoji

A kasar Netherland, KNVB ce ta shirya gasar kuma akwai matakai daban-daban na gasar, kamar Eredivisie da gasar zakarun Turai. Kowace gasar tana da nata dokoki da ka'idoji, kamar mafi ƙarancin girman filin wasa da adadin tutocin kusurwa waɗanda dole ne a sanya su. A cikin manyan gasa, kamar gasar cin kofin duniya, ana yawan amfani da ƙwallon ƙarshe na musamman wanda ya dace da dokokin FIFA.

Gasa

Tsarin gasa

Kwallon kafa wasa ne da ake bugawa a duniya kuma yana da gasa iri-iri. A cikin Netherlands, tsarin gasar ya ƙunshi Eredivisie, wanda ke ƙasa da Eerste Divisie (mataki na biyu), Tweede Divisie (mataki na uku) kuma a ƙasan hakan kuma Derde Divisie da Hoofdklasse. Tsarin gasar ya canza sau da yawa tun farkon fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Netherlands a 1956. A halin yanzu, gasa daban-daban, amma ana kokarin sake hade gasar.

Tsarin gasa

Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwa yayin shirya gasa shine yin ƙoƙari don mafi kyawun tsarin gasar. Da farko dai, ana la'akari da zaman lafiya da tsaro na jama'a, sannan kuma a yi la'akari da bukatun dukkan bangarorin da abin ya shafa. Ana yin la'akari da waɗannan buƙatun gwargwadon yadda zai yiwu a duk tsawon aikin.

Tsarin lasisi

Tsarin ba da lasisi na ƙwararru yana da matuƙar mahimmanci don kiyaye gasa mai aminci da samun dama. Tsarin yana ƙarƙashin ci gaba a kasuwa don haka ana sabunta shi akai-akai. Ana kula da al'amuran bayar da lasisi tare da ma'aikatu da hukumomi don samun damar samar da hanyoyin da aka tsara.

Lokacin gasar

Lokacin gasar ya bambanta kowane mataki da yanki. A cikin Netherlands, lokacin yana farawa a matsakaici a kusa da Agusta kuma yana gudana har zuwa Mayu. 'Yan wasan da ke zaune da aiki a cikin Netherlands, amma kuma mutanen Birtaniya da ke zaune da aiki a Netherlands, za su iya shiga gasar da ta dace dangane da matakin su da yanki.

Gasar cin kofin

Baya ga gasa ta yau da kullun, ana kuma shirya gasar cin kofin. An yi wannan gasa ne domin baiwa jama'a damar jin dadin wasan kwallon kafa ba tare da tada hankali ba. Yana ɗaukar tsari mai yawa da gyare-gyare don gane wannan gasa.

Shiga cikin kasuwanci

Shiga cikin kasuwanci yana da matuƙar mahimmanci yayin shirya gasa. Ana ci gaba da tuntuɓar juna tare da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban don haɓakawa da ci gaba da haɓaka tsarin gasar.

Kammalawa

Kwallon kafa daya ne wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda aka yi shekaru aru-aru kuma ya tsira daga al'adu da yawa. Wasa ce mai kalubalanci mai fuskoki da yawa.

Ina fata yanzu kuna da kyakkyawan ra'ayi game da wannan wasan da yadda ake kunna shi.

Joost Nusselder, wanda ya kafa alkalin wasa.eu shine mai siyar da abun ciki, uba kuma yana son yin rubutu game da kowane nau'in wasanni, kuma shima ya buga wasanni da yawa da kansa tsawon rayuwarsa. Yanzu tun daga 2016, shi da tawagarsa suna ƙirƙirar labaran blog masu taimako don taimakawa masu karatu masu aminci da ayyukan wasanni.